Rites of Passage Programs for Adolescent Boys in Schools

A Scoping Review

in Boyhood Studies
Author:
Johanna Kingsman Doctoral Student jo.kingsman@hdr.qut.edu.au

Search for other papers by Johanna Kingsman in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1044-795X
Restricted access

Abstract

Formal rites of passage (ROP) processes are largely lacking within Western culture. This scarcity is seen to be detrimental to adolescent boys’ masculine identity formation. With schools bearing increased responsibility for the well-being of students, and as a way of addressing the apparent cultural deficiency, interest in school-based ROP programs has expanded. This scoping review adopted a systematic methodology to refine an initial accumulation of 708 articles. Nine key articles investigating the impact of school-based ROP programs for adolescent boys were examined. The ROP programs were analyzed according to rationale, design, and impact, with each program focusing on three major domains of impact—community, responsibility, and identity. The review found that adolescent boys’ participation in ROP programs may enhance community engagement, build responsible citizenship, and improve self-perception through the development of positive masculine identity.

Contributor Notes

Johanna Kingsman is a doctoral student, Australian high-school teacher of more than 20 years, and mother of four. She holds a master's degree in Education. She is dedicated to giving students a voice within her classroom, something that is reflected in her research focus of investigating the lived experiences of adolescent boys and exploring how their lives are impacted by rites of passage programs. She hopes that her research findings will help to improve understandings of how to support the well-being and development of adolescent boys as they make the often-tumultuous journey through adolescence toward manhood. Email: jo.kingsman@hdr.qut.edu.au ORCID 0000-0003-1044-795X

  • Collapse
  • Expand

Boyhood Studies

An Interdisciplinary Journal

  • Alford, Keith A. 2003. “Cultural Themes in Rites of Passage: Voices of Young African American Males.” Journal of African American Studies 7 (1): 326. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41819008 (accessed 28 September 2021).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Arnett, Jeffrey J. 2001. “Conceptions of the Transition to Adulthood: Perspectives from Adolescence through Midlife.” Journal of Adult Development 8 (2): 133143. doi:10.1023/A:1026450103225.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Arnett, Jeffrey J. 2006. “G. Stanley Hall's Adolescence: Brilliance and Nonsense.” History of Psychology 9 (3): 186197. doi:10.1037/1093-4510.9.3.186.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Arnett, Jeffrey J., Marion Kloep, Leo B. Hendry, and Jennifer L. Tanner. 2011. Debating Emerging Adulthood. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199757176.001.0001.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Barker, Gary. 2005. Dying to Be Men: Youth, Masculinity and Social Exclusion. London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203425664.

  • Biddulph, Steve. 2019. The New Manhood: Love, Freedom, Spirit and the New Masculinity. Sydney: Finch Publishing.

  • Blumenkrantz, David G., and Stephen M. Gavazzi. 1993. “Guiding Transitional Events for Children and Adolescents through a Modern Day Rite of Passage.” Journal of Primary Prevention 13 (3): 199212. doi:10.1007/BF01352926.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Blumenkrantz, David G., and Mark B. Goldstein. 2010. “Rites of Passage as a Framework for Community Interventions with Youth.” Global Journal of Community Psychology Practice 1 (2): 4150. https://www.gjcpp.org/en/article.php?issue=3&article=10 (accessed 28 September 2021).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bosch, Ronel, and Marietjie Oswald. 2010. “Adolescents’ Perceptions of an Adventure-Based Programme.” Perspectives in Education 28 (1): 64-76.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Campbell, Joseph. 1949. The Hero with a Thousand Faces. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

  • Claussen, Caroline. 2017. “The WiseGuyz Program: Sexual Health Education as a Pathway to Supporting Changes in Endorsement of Traditional Masculinity Ideologies.” The Journal of Men's Studies 25 (2): 150167. doi:10.1177/1060826516661319.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Connell, R. W. 1996. “Teaching the Boys: New Research on Masculinity, and Gender Strategies for Schools.” Teachers College Record 98 (2): 206235.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Connell, R. W. 2014. “The Study of Masculinities.” Qualitative Research Journal 14 (1): 515. doi:10.1108/QRJ-03-2014-0006.

  • Crawford, Lizabeth A., and Katherine B. Novak. 2006. “Alcohol Abuse as a Rite of Passage: The Effect of Beliefs about Alcohol and the College Experience on Undergraduates’ Drinking Behaviors.” Journal of Drug Education 36 (3): 193212. doi:10.2190/F0X7-H765-6221-G742.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Davis, John. 2003. “Wilderness rites of passage: Initiation, growth, and healing”. MS., Naropa University and School of Lost Borders. http://www.johnvdavis.com/Wilderness-Retreats.html (accessed 13 September 2021).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Eate, Penelope, Chris Beasley, Pam Papadelos, Mandy Treagus, and Martha Augoustinos. 2017. “Schooling the Public on Boys: The Ongoing Salience in Media Representations of the ‘Crisis’ in Boys’ Education.” Feminist Media Studies 17 (2): 248263. doi:10.1080/14680777.2016.1187640.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Eisler, Riane. 2018. “Raising Caring Men: A Conversation with Gary Barker.” Interdisciplinary Journal of Partnership Studies 5 (2): Article 1. doi:10.24926/ijps.v5i2.1383.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Engebretson, Kathleen. 2006. “Identity, Masculinity and Spirituality: A Study of Australian Teenage Boys.” Journal of Youth Studies 9 (1): 91110. doi:10.1080/13676260500523663.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ericsson, Susan, Sut Jhally, Jeremy Smith, and Sanjay Talreja. 2014. Tough Guise: Violence, Media, and the Crisis in Masculinity. San Francisco, CA: Kanopy Streaming.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ferber, Abby L. 2000. “Racial Warriors and Weekend Warriors: The Construction of Masculinity in Mythopoetic and White Supremacist Discourse.” Men and Masculinities 3 (1): 3056. doi:10.1177/1097184X00003001002.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Fleischer, Leonard. 2005. “The Development of Authentic Identity: Implications for the Soul of Education.” Reclaiming Children & Youth 14 (3): 179183. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ725777 (accessed 24 September 2020).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Fleischer, Leonard. 2010. “The Journey to a Genuine Life: Mentoring the Passage to Adulthood.” Encounter: Education for Meaning and Social Justice 23 (2): 27.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Franţ, Ioana Ancuţa. 2016. “Implications of Self-Esteem in Adolescence.” Journal Plus Education/Educatia Plus 14 (1): 9099. https://www.uav.ro/jour/index.php/jpe/article/download/635/697 (accessed 24 September 2020).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Garas, Dimitri, and Sally Godinho. 2009. “Configuring of Masculinity in an Ethnocentric Community School.” Australian Journal of Teacher Education 34 (6). doi:10.14221/ajte.2009v34n6.5.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gavazzi, Stephen M. 2015. “Turning Boys into Men: The Incentive-Based System in Urban Meyer's Plan to Win.” International Sport Coaching Journal 2 (3): 298304. doi:10.1123/iscj.2015-0064.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gremillion, Helen. 2011. “Feminism and the Mythopoetic Men's Movement: Some Shared Concepts of Gender.” Women's Studies Journal 25 (2): 4355.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hall, G. Stanley. 1904. Adolescence: Its Psychology and Its Relations to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Religion and Education, vol. 1. New York: D Appleton & Company. http://hdl.handle.net/2346/47179 (accessed 13 July 2020).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hammer, Joseph H., and Glenn E. Good. 2010. “Positive Psychology: An Empirical Examination of Beneficial Aspects of Endorsement of Masculine Norms.” Psychology of Men & Masculinity 11 (4): 303318. doi:10.1037/a0019056.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Harvey, Aminifu R., and Robert B. Hill. 2004. “Africentric Youth and Family Rites of Passage Program: Promoting Resilience among at-Risk African American Youths.” Social Work 49 (1): 6574. doi: 10.1093/sw/49.1.65.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Heartfield, James. 2002. “There is No Masculinity Crisis.” Genders 35 (2). https://www.colorado.edu/gendersarchive1998-2013/2002/01/25/there-no-masculinity-crisis (accessed 28 September 2021).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Henderson, Jay, and Peter Barnett. 2001. “Rites of Passage to Adulthood: The Classroom, the Home, the Bush and the Street, Where They Meet.” Paper presented at the 12th National Outdoor Education Conference, Victoria 15—18 January 2001.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Howard, Andrea. L., and Nancy. L. Galambos. 2011. “Transitions to Adulthood.” In Encyclopedia of Adolescence, ed. B. Bradford Brown and Mitchell J. Prinstein, 376383. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-373951-3.00014-4.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Jagers, Robert J., Antonio A. Morgan-Lopez, Terry-Lee Howard, Dorothy C. Browne, Brian R. Flay, and Aban Aya (coinvestigators). 2007. “Mediators of the Development and Prevention of Violent Behavior.” Prevention Science 8 (3): 171179.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Jeffries, Michael. 2019. “‘Is It Okay to Go Out on the Pull Without It Being Nasty?’ Lads’ Performance of Lad Culture.” Gender and Education: 118. doi:10.1080/09540253.2019.1594706.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Jennings, William John. 2011. “‘I Feel Older’: Investigating the Impact of a Father and Son Rites of Passage Program.” Boyhood Studies 5 (1): 6180. doi:10.3149/thy.0501.61.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Johnson, Monica K. 2015. “Sociology of Adolescence.” In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, ed. James D. Wright, 11520. Amsterdam: Elsevier. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.32142-0.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Jordan, Ana, and Amy Chandler. 2019. “Crisis, What Crisis? A Feminist Analysis of Discourse on Masculinities and Suicide.” Journal of Gender Studies 28 (4): 462474. doi:10.1080/09589236.2018.1510306.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kang, Melissa S.-L. 2014. “The Health of ‘Emerging Adults’ in Australia: Freedom, Risk and Rites of Passage.” The Medical Journal of Australia 201 (10): 562563. doi:10.5694/mja14.01409.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kato-Wallace, Jane, Gary Barker, Leyla Sharafi, Luis Mora, and Giovanna Lauro. 2016. Adolescent Boys and Young Men: Engaging Them as Supporters of Gender Equality and Health and Understanding Their Vulnerabilities. Washington, DC and New York: Promundo and UNFPA.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Keddie, Amanda, and Martin Mills. 2009. “Disrupting Masculinised Spaces: Teachers Working for Gender Justice.” Research Papers in Education 24 (1): 2943. doi:10.1080/02671520801945834.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kessler, Rachael. 1999. “Initiation—Saying Good-Bye to Childhood.” Educational Leadership; Alexandria 57 (4): 3033. http://search.proquest.com/docview/224854802/abstract/C64FFDC47A4B4490PQ/1 (accessed 28 September 2021).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kimmel, Michael S. 2008. Guyland: The Perilous World Where Boys Become Men. New York: HarperCollins Publishers.

  • Kiselica, Mark. S. 2011. “Promoting Positive Masculinity While Addressing Gender Role Conflict: A Balanced Theoretical Approach to Clinical Work with Boys and Men.” In An International Psychology of Men: Theoretical Advances, Case Studies, and Clinical Innovations, ed. Chris. Blazina and David. S. Shen-Miller, 127156. Abingdon: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kiselica, Mark S., Sheila Benton-Wright, and Matt Englar-Carlson. 2016. “Accentuating Positive Masculinity: A New Foundation for the Psychology of Boys, Men, and Masculinity.” In APA Handbook of Men and Masculinities, ed. Y. Joel Wong and Stephen R. Wester, 123143. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/14594-006.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kiselica, Mark S., and Matt Englar-Carlson. 2010. “Identifying, Affirming, and Building upon Male Strengths: The Positive Psychology/Positive Masculinity Model of Psychotherapy with Boys and Men.” Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training 47 (3): 276287. doi:10.1037/a0021159.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kroger, Jane. 2006. Identity Development: Adolescence through Adulthood. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

  • Lemon, Jennifer. 1995. “Masculinity in Crisis?Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity 24: 6171. doi:10.2307/4065897.

  • Lertzman, David Adam. 2002. “Rediscovering Rites of Passage: Education, Transformation, and the Transition to Sustainability.” Conservation Ecology 5 (2). doi:10.5751/ES-00291-050230.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Levant, Ronald. F. 2005. “The Crises of Boyhood.” In The New Handbook of Psychotherapy and Counseling with Men: A Comprehensive Guide to Settings, Problems, and Treatment Approaches, ed. Glenn E. Good and Gary R. Brooks, 161171. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lines, Andrew, and Graham Gallasch. 2008. “The Rite Way.” Teacher: The National Education Magazine, February: 28–30. http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=964106605589288;res=IELAPA (accessed 28 September 2021).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lines, Andrew, and Graham Gallasch. 2009. “The Rite Journey: Rediscovering Rites of Passage for Boys.” Boyhood Studies 3 (1): 7489. doi:10.3149/thy.0301.74.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lochman, John E., and Karen C. Wells. 2002. “The Coping Power Program at the Middle-School Transition: Universal and Indicated Prevention Effects.” Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 16 (4S): S4054. doi:10.1037/0893-164x.16.4s.s40.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mahdi, Louise Carus, Nancy Geyer Christopher, and Michael Meade, eds. 1996. Crossroads: The Quest for Contemporary Rites of Passage. Chicago, IL: Open Court Publishing.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Markstrom, C. A. 2011. “Initiation Ceremonies and Rites of Passage.” In Encyclopedia of Adolescence, ed. B. Bradford Brown and Mitchell J. Prinstein, 152159. Amsterdam: Elsevier. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-373951-3.00064-8.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Martino, Wayne John. 2008. “Male Teachers as Role Models: Addressing Issues of Masculinity, Pedagogy and the Re-Masculinization of Schooling.” Curriculum Inquiry 38 (2): 189223. http://www.jstor.org/stable/30053168 (accessed 28 September 2021).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Michaels, Melissa. 2006. “Surfing the Creative™: The Process and Potential of a Body-Centered Rites of Passage Program Serving Youth Development.” PhD dissertation. Fielding Graduate University: ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Millington, Brad, and Brian Wilson. 2010. “Context Masculinities: Media Consumption, Physical Education, and Youth Identities.” American Behavioral Scientist 53 (11): 16691688. doi:10.1177/0002764210368091.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Nassar-McMillan, Sylvia C., and Craig S. Cashwell. 1997. “Building Self-Esteem of Children and Adolescents through Adventure-Based Counseling.” The Journal of Humanistic Education and Development 36 (2): 5967. doi:10.1002/j.2164-4683.1997.tb00373.x.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • O'Neil, James M., Clewiston Challenger, Sara Renzulli, Bryce Crapser, and Emily Webster. 2013. “The Boy's Forum: An Evaluation of a Brief Intervention to Empower Middle-School Urban Boys.” The Journal of Men's Studies 21 (2): 191205. doi:10.3149/jms.2102.191.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Pearce, Sharyn. 2001. “‘Secret Men's Business’: New Millennium Advice for Australian Boys.” Mosaic: A Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature; Winnipeg 34 (2): 4964. http://search.proquest.com/docview/205341705/abstract/9AB3AD6AAAC044A6PQ/1 (accessed 28 September 2021).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Pedersen, Willy. 1994. “Rites of Passage in High Modernity.” YOUNG 2 (1): 2132. doi:10.1177/110330889400200102.

  • Piert, Joyce Hafeeza. 2007. “Transition into Adulthood: The Experience of a Rite-of-Passage Program at an African Centered High School.” Negro Educational Review 58 (3/4): 16986. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ789092 (accessed 13 November 2020).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Pollack, William S. 2004. “Male Adolescent Rites of Passage: Positive Visions of Multiple Developmental Pathways.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1036 (1): 141150. doi:10.1196/annals.1330.008.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Pollack, William S. 2006. “The ‘War’ for Boys: Hearing ‘Real Boys’’ Voices, Healing Their Pain.” Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 37 (2): 190195. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.37.2.190.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Quinn, William H., Neal A. Newfield, and Howard O. Protinsky. 1985. “Rites of Passage in Families with Adolescents.” Family Process 24 (1): 101111. doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.1985.00101.x.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Robb, Martin, and Sandy Ruxton. 2017. “Act Tough and Hide Weakness: Research Reveals Pressure Young Men Are Under.” The Conversation, 30 March. http://theconversation.com/act-tough-and-hide-weakness-research-reveals-pressure-young-men-are-under-74898 (accessed 21 September 2021).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sadowski, Michael. 2010. “Putting the ‘Boy Crisis’ in Context.” The Education Digest; Ann Arbor 76 (3): 1013. http://search.proquest.com/docview/763167993/abstract/F0596F9680834B54PQ/1 (accessed 28 September 2021).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Scheer, Scott D., Stephen M. Gavazzi, and David G. Blumenkrantz. 2007. “Rites of Passage during Adolescence.” The Forum for Family and Consumer Issues 12 (2): 1-20.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Scholes, Laura. 2017. Boys, Masculinities and Reading: Gender Identity and Literacy as Social Practice. London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315413730.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Singleton, Andrew. 2008. “Boys in Crisis? Australian Adolescent Males Beyond the Rhetoric.” The Journal of Men's Studies 15 (3): 361373. doi:10.3149/jms.1503.361.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Smith, Andrew Philip. 2012. “The Implementation of a Rites of Passage Programme into a Boys’ Secondary School.” Pastoral Care in Education 30 (4): 345357. doi:10.1080/02643944.2012.688062.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Tarrant, Anna, Gareth Terry, Michael R. M. Ward, Sandy Ruxton, Martin Robb, and Brigid Featherstone. 2015. “Are Male Role Models Really the Solution? Interrogating the ‘War on Boys’ through the Lens of the ‘Male Role Model’ Discourse.” Boyhood Studies 8 (1): 6083. doi:10.3167/bhs.2015.080105.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Tarrant, Anna, and Michael Ward. 2017. “The Myth of the Fatherless Society.” The Conversation, 20 February. http://theconversation.com/the-myth-of-the-fatherless-society-73166.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Thompson, Leisa, Tim Battersby, and Andrew Lee. 1998. “Initiation: The Rights of Passage into Young Adulthood.” Paper presented at the International Adventure Therapy Conference (1st, Perth, Australia, July 1997) https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED424069 (accessed 28 September 2021).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Trzesniewski, Kali H., M. Brent Donnellan, Terrie E. Moffitt, Richard W. Robins, Richie Poulton, and Avshalom Caspi. 2006. “Low Self-Esteem during Adolescence Predicts Poor Health, Criminal Behavior, and Limited Economic Prospects during Adulthood.” Developmental Psychology 42 (2): 381390. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.2.381.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Van Gennep, Arnold. 1909. Les Rites de Passage: Étude Systématique Des Rites. Paris: Librairie Critique.

  • Van Gennep, Arnold. 1960. The Rites of Passage. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  • Ward, Michael R. M. 2015. From Labouring to Learning: Working-Class Masculinities, Education and De-Industrialization. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ward, Michael R. M. 2016. “Place Plays a Vital Role in How Boys Learn to Become Men.” The Conversation, 10 November. http://theconversation.com/place-plays-a-vital-role-in-how-boys-learn-to-become-men-68367.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ward, Michael R. M., Anna Tarrant, Gareth Terry, Brigid Featherstone, Martin Robb, and Sandy Ruxton. 2017. “Doing Gender Locally: The Importance of ‘Place’ in Understanding Marginalised Masculinities and Young Men's Transitions to ‘Safe’ and Successful Futures.” The Sociological Review 65 (4): 797815. doi:10.1177/0038026117725963.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Way, Niobe. 2011. “As Boys Become Men.” In Deep Secrets, 209228. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2jbqzr.9 (accessed 28 September 2021).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • West-Olatunji, Cirecie, Lauren Shure, Michael T. Garrett, William Conwill, and Edil Torres Rivera. 2008. “Rite of Passage Programs as Effective Tools for Fostering Resilience among Low-Income African American Male Adolescents.” The Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education and Development 47 (2): 131143. doi:10.1002/j.2161-1939.2008.tb00053.x (accessed 21 September 2021).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Whaley, Arthur L., and John P. McQueen. 2020. “Evaluating Africentric Violence Prevention for Adolescent Black Males in an Urban Public School: An Idiothetic Approach.” Journal of Child & Family Studies 29 (4): 942954. doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01637-9.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Williams, Clive Kenneth. 2005. “Stealing a Car to Be a Man: The Importance of Cars and Driving in the Gender Identity of Adolescent Males.” PhD diss., Queensland University of Technology. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16422/ (accessed 28 September 2021).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

Metrics

All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 1160 411 42
Full Text Views 85 13 0
PDF Downloads 108 14 0