Author:
T.M. Luhrmann Stanford University luhrmann@stanford.edu

Search for other papers by T.M. Luhrmann in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
Restricted access

Abstract

My proposal is that local theory of mind – what I call here the ‘infrastructures of mind’ – shapes the way people recognize and experience supernatural presence. That is, I argue that the local cultural invitation to imagine thoughts, mental images and inner sensations in particular ways – as potent, powerful and dangerous, for instance, or as the heart of an authentic self – will affect the way people recognize and experience God’s voice. I compare interview data from similar churches in the US, Ghana and Chennai, to show that there are systematic differences in the way people experience God and that these differences appear to reflect culturally different understandings of mind. The often-unnoticed infrastructures of the thing that thinks – the way we think about our thinking – alters not only our mental experience but also the very texture of our reality.

Contributor Notes

Tanya Marie Luhrmann is the Watkins University Professor in the Stanford Anthropology Department. Her work focuses on the edge of experience: on voices, visions, the world of the supernatural and the world of psychosis.

  • Collapse
  • Expand
  • Appadurai, A. 1996. Modernity at Large. Minneapolis, MI: University of Minnesota Press.

  • Asamoah-Gyadu, J. K. 2005. African Charismatics. Leiden: Brill.

  • Astuti, R. and P. Harris. 2008. ‘Understanding Mortality and the Life of the Ancestors in Rural Madagascar’. Cognitive Science 32: 713740.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bentall, R. 1990. ‘The Illusion of Reality’. Psychological Bulletin 107: 8295.

  • Bentall, R. 2003. Madness Explained. London: Penguin.

  • Bialecki, J. 2017. A Diagram for Fire. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

  • Bilu, Y. 2013. ‘“We Want to See Our King”: Apparitions in Messianic Chabad’. Ethos 41: 8295.

  • Danziger, E. 2006. ‘The Thought that Counts: Understanding Variation in Cultural Theories of Interaction’. In S. Levinson and N. Enfield (eds), The Roots of Human Sociality: Culture, Cognition and Human Interaction. Oxford: Berg Press, Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, 259278.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Detienne, M. 2008. Comparing the Incomparable. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

  • Dzokoto, V. 2010. ‘Different Ways of Feeling: Emotion and Somatic Awareness in Ghanaians and Euro-AmericansJournal of Social, Evolutionary, and Cultural Psychology 4 (2): 6878.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Felton, P. 2013. ‘The Future of Pentecostalism in Brazil: The Limits to Growth’. In R. Hefner (ed.), Global Pentecostalism in the 21st Century. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 6390.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Fernyhough, C. 2016. The Voice Within. New York: Basic Books.

  • Gaskins, S. 2014. ‘Pretend Play as Culturally Constructed Activity’. In M. Taylor (ed.), Oxford Handbook on the Development of Imagination. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 224247.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gerschiere, P. 2013. Witchcraft, Intimacy and Trust: Africa in Comparison. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

  • Geurts, K. 2002. Culture and the Senses: Bodily Ways of Knowing in an African Community. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

  • Gifford, P. 2004. Ghana’s New Christianity. London: Hurst and Company.

  • Grimby, A. 1993. ‘Bereavement among Elderly People: Grief Reactions, Post-Bereavement Hallucinations and Quality of Life’. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 87: 7280.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Harvey, P., C. B. Jensen and A. Morita. 2017. ‘Introduction’. In P. Harvey, C. B. Jensen and A. Morita (eds), Infrastructures and Social Complexity. New York: Routledge, 122.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Holbraad, M. 2012. Truth in Motion. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

  • Holbraad, M. and M. Pederson. 2017. The Ontological Turn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  • Horton, R. 1993. Patterns of Thought in Africa and the West. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  • Jaynes, J. 1976. The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.

  • Jensen, C. B. and A. Morita. 2016. ‘Infrastructures as Ontological Experiments’. Ethnos 82 (4): 112.

  • Johnson, M. and C. Raye. 1981. ‘Reality Monitoring’. Psychological Review 88 (1): 6785.

  • Jones, N. and T. M. Luhrmann. 2015. ‘Beyond the Sensory: Findings from an In-Depth Analysis of the Phenomenology of “Auditory Hallucinations” in Psychosis’. Psychosis 8(3): 191202.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Keane, W. 2015. Ethical Life. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

  • Laidlaw, J. 2012. ‘Ontologically Challenged’. Anthropology of this Century 4. aotcpress.com/articles/ontologically-challenged (accessed 4 September 2017).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Larkin, B. 2013. ‘The Politics and Poetics of Infrastructure’. Annual Review of Anthropology 42: 327343.

  • Levine, R. 1973. ‘Patterns of Personality in Africa’. Ethos 1 (2): 123152.

  • Lillard, A. 1998. ‘Ethnopsychologies: Cultural Variations in Theory of Mind’. Psychological Bulletin 123 (1): 332.

  • Luhrmann, T. M. 2012. When God Talks Back. New York: Knopf.

  • Luhrmann, T. M. 2017. ‘Diversity within the Psychotic Continuum’. Schizophrenia Bulletin 43 (1): 2731.

  • Luhrmann, T. M. etal. 2012. ‘Towards an Anthropological Theory of Mind. Position Papers from the Lemelson Conference. Includes Introduction, Individual Essay and Edited Collection’. Journal of the Finnish Anthropological Association 36 (4): 569.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • MacDonald, P. 2003. A History of the Concept of Mind. London: Ashgate.

  • Makari, G. 2015. Soul Machine. New York: Norton.

  • Marrow, J. 2008. ‘Psychiatry, Modernity and Family Values: Clenched Teeth Illness in North India’. Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Meins, E., C. Fernyhough and J. Harris-Waller. 2014. ‘Is Mind-Mindedness Trait-Like or a Quality of Close Relationships? Evidence from Descriptions of Significant Others, Famous People, and Works of Art’. Cognition 130: 417427.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Meyer, B. 1999. Translating the Devil: Religion and Modernity among the Ewe. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

  • Miller, D. 1997. Reinventing American Protestantism. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

  • Mines, M. 1994. Public Faces, Private Lives. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

  • Reisman, P. 1977. Freedom in Fulani Life. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

  • Robbins, J. 2004. ‘The Globalization of Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity’. Annual Review of Anthropology 33: 117143.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Robbins, J. n.d. ‘Opacity of Mind, Imagining Others, and the Coordination of Action: Melanesianist Reflections on the Ethics of Trust’. Unpublished manuscript.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Robbins, J. and A. Rumsey. 2008. ‘Cultural and Linguistic Anthropology and the Opacity of Other Minds’. Anthropological Quarterly 81: 407420.

  • Shulman, D. 2012. More Than Real: A History of the Imagination in South India. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

  • Sidgewick, H., A. Johnson, F. W. H. Myers et al. 1894. ‘Report on the Census of Hallucinations’. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research 34: 25394.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sneath, D., M. Holbraad and M. A. Pedersen. 2009. ‘Technologies of the Imagination: An Introduction’. Ethnos 74 (1): 530.

  • Snell, B. 1960. The Discovery of Mind. New York: Harper.

  • Taves, A. 2009. Religious Experience Reconsidered. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

  • Taylor, C. 2007. A Secular Age. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

  • Verren, H. 2001. Science and an African Logic. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

  • Wacker, G. 2003. Heaven Below. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

  • White, G. and J. Kirkpatrick. 1985. Person, Self and Experience. Berkeley, CA: University of California.

Metrics

All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 1447 661 68
Full Text Views 71 8 0
PDF Downloads 68 17 0