Contesting Transitional Justice as Liberal Governance in Revolutionary Tunisia

in Conflict and Society
Author:
Corinna Mullin University of Tunis cm39@soas.ac.uk

Search for other papers by Corinna Mullin in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
and
Ian Patel University of London iansanjaypatel@gmail.com

Search for other papers by Ian Patel in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
Restricted access

ABSTRACT

This article discusses the politics of “transition” in Tunisia and locates Tunisia’s post-uprising justice initiatives within existing critical literature on global liberal governance and transitional justice. Methodologically, it treats transitional justice as a site of contestation, involving the exercise of domestic and transnational strategies of power as well as the often subversive agency of former and ongoing victims of state crime. By examining noninstitutionalized forms of contestation, this article seeks to understand and contextualize the fears expressed by some victims that the formal transitional justice process may be a diversion from, rather than bridge to, revolutionary aims.

Contributor Notes

CORINNA MULLIN is a visiting assistant professor in international relations at the University of Tunis and a research associate in the Department of Politics and International Studies at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS).

IAN PATEL is associate lecturer at the Centre for Cultural Studies at Goldsmiths College, University of London. He has held postdoctoral posts at the University of East London, School of Law, and King’s College London, School of Law.

  • Collapse
  • Expand

Conflict and Society

Advances in Research

  • Abdellaoui, Mohammed. 2012. “Blessures éveillées” [Injuries awakened]- La Presse, 12 November. http://www.lapresse.tn/28042014/57984/blessures-eveillees.html (accessed 12 April 2014).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Abrougui, Afef. 2014. “Tunisia: ‘I Too Set a Police Station on Fire.’Tunisia Live, 26 April. http://globalvoicesonline.org/2014/04/26/tunisia-i-too-set-a-police-station-on-fire/ (accessed 5 May 2014).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Africa Manager. 2013. “Rached Ghannouchi appelle à lever l’interdiction de voyager à l’encontre des hommes d’affaire.” [Rached Ghannouchi calls to lift the travel against businessmen] Africa Manager, 1 December. http://www.turess.com/fr/africanmanagerfr/146185 (accessed 2 March 2015).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Agence France Presse (AFP). 2014. “Tunisie: Nouvelle manifestation contre le verdict dansl’affaire des martyrs de la révolution.” [Tunisia: New protest against the verdict in the case of the martyrs of the revolution] Agence France Presse. http://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/2014/04/16/tunisie-verdict-martyrs_n_5159489.html (accessed 12 April 2014).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Al-Bulushi, Samar. 2014. “Peacekeeping as Occupation: Managing the Market for Violent Labor in Somalia.” Transforming Anthropology 22, no. 1: 3137.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Aliriza, Fadil. 2015. “Tunisia’s Security Sector and Countering Violent Extremism, Part II: The Police State, Six Years On.” Atlantic Council, 29 April 2015. http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/tunisia-s-security-sector-and-countering-violent-extremism-part-ii-the-police-state-six-years-on (accessed 10 May 2015).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Al Jazeera. 2015. “Tunisia Transitional Justice Faces Obstacles.” Al Jazeera, 1 January. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/12/tunisia-transitional-justice-face-obstacles-20141228112518476386.html (accessed 20 March 2015).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Allen, Lori. 2008. “Getting By the Occupation: How Violence became Normal during the Second Palestinian Intifada.” Cultural Anthropology, 23 (3): 453487.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Allen, Lori. 2013. The Rise and Fall of Human Rights: Cynicism and Politics in Occupied Palestine. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

  • Amnesty International. 2011. “Release of Political Prisoners in Tunisia Is a Welcome First Step.” News and Updates. https://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/release-political-prisoners-tunisia-welcome-first-step-2011-01-20 (accessed 12 April 2014).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • An-Na‘im, Abdullahi. 2013. “Editorial Note: From the Neocolonial ‘Transitional’ to Indigenous Formations of Justice.” International Journal of Transitional Justice 7: 197204.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ayeb, Habib. 2011. “Social and Political Geography of the Tunisian Revolution: The Alfa Grass Revolution.” Review of African Political Economy 28, 129: 467479.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bayat, Asef. 2003. “The ‘street’ and the Politics of Dissent in the Arab World. Middle East Report. Spring. http://www.merip.org/mer/mer226/street-politics-dissent-arab-world (accessed 6 May 2014).

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bayat, Asef. 2011. “Egypt, and the Post-Islamist Middle East.” openDemocracy. 8 February. https://www.opendemocracy.net/asef-bayat/egypt-and-post-islamist-middle-east (accessed 10 May 2015).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Boubekeur, Amel 2015. “The Politics of Protest in Tunisia. Instrument in Parties’ Competition vs. Tool for Participation.” SWP Comments 2015/C 13, March, German Institute for International and Security Studies. https://www.academia.edu/11323320/The_Politics_of_Protest_in_Tunisia._Instrument_in_Parties_Competition_vs._Tool_for_Participation (accessed 20 March 2015).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Business News. 2014. “Béji Caïd Essebsi: L’instance vérité et dignité est une machine à régler des comptes.” [Béji Caïd Essebsi: The Truth and Dignity Commission is a machine to settle accounts] Business News, 11 June. http://www.businessnews.com.tn/beji-caid-essebsi--linstance-verite-et-dignite-est-une-machine-a-regler-des-comptes,520,47104,3 (accessed 20 March 2015).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Carranza, Reuben. 2015. “A Measure of Dignity: The Beginning of Reparations in Post-Revolution Tunisia.” International Center for Transitional Justice. https://www.ictj.org/news/measure-dignity-reparations-tunisia (accessed 7 May 2015).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Chandler, David. 2010. “Neither International nor Global: Rethinking the Problematic Subject of Security.” Journal of Critical Globalisation Studies 3.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Chatham House Meeting. 2012. Transitional Justice and the Arab Spring. http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/International%20Law/010212summary.pdf (accessed 3 May 2014).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Chennaoui, Henda. 2014. “Kasserine: violence policière en cascade, pendant le procès de Mohamed Omri.” [Kasserine: police violence escalates during the trial of Moahmed Omri] Nawaat, 29 May. http://nawaat.org/portail/2014/05/29/kasserine-violence-policieres-en-cascade-pendant-le-proces-de-mohamed-omri/ (accessed 29 May 2014).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Chennaoui, Henda. 2015. “Les sages bourreaux et tortionnaires de Ben Ali reviennent pour ‘corriger’ la revolution.” Nawaat. http://nawaat.org/portail/tag/conseil-des-sages/ (accessed 7 May 2015).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Committee for a Workers International (CWI). 2012. “Martyrs’ Day Leave Many Wounded by Police Repression.” Socialist Workers, 11 April. http://www.socialistworld.net/mob/doc/5693 (accessed 12 April 2014).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Consitutionnet. 2013. Draft Organic Law on The Foundations and Organization of Transitional Justice. http://www.constitutionnet.org/files/transitional_justice_law_-dec_2013_-english.pdf (accessed 4 May 2014).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Crane, Emily. 2014. “Protesters and Police Clash in Tunis Neighborhood.” Tunisia Live, 13 January. http://www.tunisia-live.net/2014/01/13/protesters-and-police-clash-in-tunis-neighborhood/#sthash.Ip1q00Kn.dpuf (accessed 12 April 2014).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Deleuze, Gilles. 1995. Difference & Repetition. New York: Columbia University Press.

  • Dillon, Michael, and Julian Reid. 2001. “Global Liberal Governance: Biopolitics, Security and War.” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 30, no. 41: 41166.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Dreisbach, Tom. 2013. “‘Cops Are Dogs’ Rapper Imprisoned.” Tunisia Live, 12 May. http://www.tunisia-live.net/2013/12/05/cops-are-dogs-rapper-sentenced-to-four-months/#sthash.6iGvwei0.dpuf (accessed 12 April 2014).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Duffield, Mark. 2007. Development, Security and Unending War: Governing the World of Peoples. London: Polity Press.

  • Espace Manager. 2015. “Samir Annabi: le projet de loi contre la corruption a mis un an pour quitter le tiroir.” [Samir Annabi: the project of the law against corruption took a year to leave the drawer] Espace Manager, 8 May. http://www.espacemanager.com/samir-annabi-le-projet-de-loi-contre-la-corruption-mis-un-pour-quitter-le-tiroir.html (accessed 7 May 2014).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Freedom House. 2012. “Survivors of Repression in Tunisia Learn about Transitional Justice.” Regions and Issues, 29 March. http://www.freedomhouse.org/article/freedom-house-hosts-transitional-justice-workshop-tunisian-civil-society-0#.U2pcB4uELUM (accessed 7 May 2014).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gerges, Fawaz. 2014. “Introduction: A Rupture.” Pp. 340 in The New Middle East: Protest and Revolution in the Arab World, ed. Fawaz Gerges. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ghribi, Asma. 2012. “Debating Transitional Justice in Tunisia.” Tunisia Live, 8 March. www.tunisia-live.net/2012/03/08/debating-transitional-justice-in-tunisia. (accessed 4 May 2014).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gray, Doris. 2013. “In Search of Righting Wrongs: Women and the Transitional Justice Process in Tunisia.” E-International Relations, 13 April. http://www.e-ir.info/2013/04/13/in-search-of-righting-wrongs-women-and-the-transitional-justice-process-in-tunisia/ (accessed 12 April 2014).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hammami, Mohammed Dhia. 2014. “Sit-in du Destin’ à Tataouine et Crise de Ben Guerdane… BassinMinier 2.0?Nawaat, 18 March. https://nawaat.org/portail/2014/03/18/sit-in-du-destin-a-tataouine-et-crise-de-ben-guerdane-bassin-minier-2-0/ (accessed 12 April 2014).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hazan, Pierre. 2006. “Measuring the Impact of Punishment and Forgiveness: A Framework for Evaluating Transitional Justice.” International Review of the Red Cross 88, no. 861: 129.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Heydemann, Steven. 2004. Networks of Privilege in the Middle East. Palgrave Macmillan.

  • Hibou, Beatrice. 2011.The Force of Obedience: The Political Economy of Repression in Tunisia. Paris: Polity Press.

  • Human Rights Watch. 2012. “Tunisia: Flaws in the Landmark Ben Ali Verdict.” Human Rights Watch News, 5 July. http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/07/05/tunisia-flaws-landmark-ben-ali-verdict (accessed 1 May 2014).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Human Rights Watch. 2014. “Hope for Justice on Past Abuses,” Human Rights Watch News, 22 May. http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/05/22/tunisia-hope-justice-past-abuses (accessed 3 June 2014).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ). 2015. “The Right to Reparations in Tunisia’s Marginalized South (Parts 1 & 2).” International Center for Transitional Justice. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H4sbN0OddjY (accessed 7 May 2015).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ismail, S. 2006. Political Life in Cairo’s New Quarters: Encountering the Everyday State. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press.

  • International Crisis Group. 2016. “Tunisie: justice transitionnelle et lutte contre la corruption.” [Tunisia: transitional justice and the fight against corruption] ICG Rapport Moyen-Orient/Afrique du Nord, N. 168, 3. May. http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/North%20Africa/Tunisia/168-tunisie-justice-transitionnelle-et-lutte-contre-la-corruption.pdf (assessed 4 May 2015).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Institute for Integrated Transitions (IFIT). 2013. Inside the Transition Bubble: International Expert Assistance in Tunisia. http://www.ifit-transitions.org/publications/inside-the-transition-bubble-international-expert-assistance-in-tunisia/inside-the-transition-bubble-en-full (accessed 4 May 2014).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • KADEM and NPWAJ. 2014a. “Transitional Justice, Accountability & Reconciliation in Tunisia.” A Project of the Al-Kawakibi Democracy Transition Centre (KADEM) and No Peace Without Justice (NPWJ), January. http://www.npwj.org/it/node/374 (accessed 4 May 2014).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • KADEM and NPWAJ. 2014b. “Accounting for the Past in Tunisia: An Assessment of Accountability and Transitional Justice Expectations and Perceptions across the Country.” A Project of the Al-Kawakibi Democracy Transition Centre (KADEM) and No Peace Without Justice (NPWJ), January. http://www.npwj.org/node/6907#sthash.D6JK4qNb.dpuf (accessed 5 May 2014).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Khalili, Laleh. 2007. Heroes and Martyrs of Palestine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  • Lambourne, Wendy. 2009. “Transitional Justice and Peacebuilding after Mass Violence.” International Journal of Transitional Justice 3, no. 1: 2848.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • La Presse. 2015. “Caïd Essebsi plaide pour l’unité et la réconciliation nationales.” [Caïd Essebsi pleads for national unity and reconciliation] La Presse, 23 March. http://www.lapresse.tn/21032015/97447/caid-essebsi-plaide-pour-lunite-et-la-reconciliation-nationales.html (accessed 20 March 2015).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Leaders. 2012. “La Commission Bouderbala presente son rapport final elle a recense 338 morts et 2147 blesses.” [The Bouderbala commission presents its final report which lists 338 dead and 2147 injured] Leaders, 4 May. http://www.leaders.com.tn/article/8359-la-commission-bouderbala-presente-son-rapport-final-elle-a-recense-338-morts-et-2147-blesses (accessed 20 March 2015).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Leebaw, Bronwyn Anne. 2008. “The Irreconcilable Goals of Transitional Justice.” Human Rights Quarterly, 30, no. 1: 95118.

  • Lynch, Marc. 2012. “Political Science and the New Arab Public Sphere.” Foreign Policy, 12 June. http://foreignpolicy.com/2012/06/12/political-science-and-the-new-arab-public-sphere/ (accessed 12 April 2014).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • MacGinty, Roger, and Oliver Richmond. 2013. “The Local Turn in Peace Building: A Critical Agenda for Peace.” Third World Quarterly 34, no. 5: 763783.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Madlingozi, Tshepo. 2010. “On Transitional Justice Entrepreneurs and the Production of Victims.” Journal of Human Rights 2, no. 2: 208228.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mahmood, Saba. 2004. Politics of Piety: The Islamic Revival and the Feminist Subject. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

  • Mahmood, Saba. 2007. Interview with Nermeen Shaikh. The Present as History: Critical Perspectives on Global Power. New York: Columbia University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mamdani, Mahmood. 2011. “An African Perspective on Tahrir Square.” Globalizations 8, no. 5: 559566.

  • Marks, Monica. 2015.“How Egypt’s coup really affected Tunisia’s Islamists,” Washington Post, 16 March. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2015/03/16/how-egypts-coup-really-affected-tunisias-islamists/ (accessed 20 March 2015).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Meari, Lena. 2014. “Reconsidering Trauma: Towards a Palestinian Community Psychology.” Journal of Community Psychology, Vo 43, 1: 7686.

  • Merone, Fabio, and Francesco Cavatorta. 2012. “Salafist mouvance and sheikhism in the Tunisian democratic transition.” Centre for International Studies, Dublin City University. Pp. 119.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Merminod, Isabelle, and Tim Baster. 2014. “Has Tunisia Forgotten Where Its Revolution Began?Open Democracy, 20 April. http://www.opendemocracy.net/arab-awakening/isabelle-merminod-tim-/has-tunisia-forgotten-where-its-revolution-began (accessed 1 May 2014).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mersch, Sarah. 2013. “Road to Justice.” Carnegie Endowment. http://carnegieendowment.org/sada/2013/06/25/road-to-justice/gbvz (accessed 4 May 2014).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Migdal, Joel. 2001. State in Society Studying How States and Societies Transform and Constitute One Another. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mitchell, Timothy. 1990. “Everday Metaphors of Power,” Theory and Society 19 (5), 545577.

  • Mullin, Corinna, and Ian Patel. 2015. “Governing Revolt: EU-WANA Relations after the “Arab Spring.” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding. 9, no. 2: 162189.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mullin, Corinna. 2014. “Tunisia’s Revolution and the Domestic–International Nexus,” Pp. 89104. ed. L. Sadiki, Routledge Handbook of the Arab Spring. London: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mutua, Makau. 2012. “A Critique of Rights in Transitional Justice: The African Experience.” Pp. 3145 in Rethinking Transitions Equality and Social Justice in Societies Emerging from Conflict, ed. M. Mutua. London: Insentia.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Nawaat. 2014. “Investigation and Leaks.” Nawaat, 13 March. http://nawaat.org/portail/?type=leaks (accessed 3 May 2014).

  • Noyon, Jennifer. 2003. Islam, Politics, and Pluralism: Theory and Practice in Turkey, Jordan, Tunisia, and Algeria. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Patel, Ian. 2012. “The Role of Testimony and Testimonial Analysis in Human Rights Advocacy and Research.” State Crime: Journal of the International State Crime Initiative, Pluto Press 1, no. 2: 235265.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Petras, James. 1999. NGOs: In the Service of Imperialism.” Journal of Contemporary Asia, 29 (4), 429440.

  • Piser, Karina. 2015. “Tunisia’s Economic Reconciliation Law Could Derail Transitional Justice.” World Politics Review, 15 September.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rijkers, Bob, Anthony Nucifora, and Caroline Freund. 2014. “All in the Family, State Capture in Tunisia.” World Bank Reports, 3 April. http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2014/04/03/all-in-the-family-state-capture-in-tunisia-question-and-answers (accessed 6 May 2014).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rubli, Sandra. 2012. “Transitional Justice: Justice by Bureaucratic Means?Swiss Peace working paper series. http://www.swisspeace.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/Media/Publications/WP4_2012.pdf (accessed 5 May 2014).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sadiki, Larbi. 2002. “The Search for Citizenship in Bin Ali’s Tunisia: Democracy versus Unity.” Political Studies 50, no. 3: 497513.

  • Sassen, Saskia. 2014. Expulsions: Brutality and Complexity in the Global Economy. Boston: Harvard University Press.

  • Soudani, Seif. 2014. “La Polit-Revue: A qui profite la grève? [The Politics-Review: Who benefits from the strike ?]Nawaat 16 March. http://nawaat.org/portail/2014/03/16/la-polit-revue-a-qui-profite-la-greve/ (accessed 12 April 2014).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sriram, Chandra L. 2009. “Transitional Justice and the Liberal Peace.” New Perspectives on Liberal Peacebuilding, ed. R. Newman, R. Paris, and O. P. Richmond. Tokyo: United Nations University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Subotić, Jelena. 2012. “The Transformation of International Transitional Justice Advocacy.” International Journal of Transitional Justice 6: 106125.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Subotić, Jelena. 2013. “Bargaining Justice: A Theory of Transitional Justice Compliance.” Transitional Justice Theories, ed. S. Buckley-Zistelm, T. Koloma Beck, C. Braun, and F. Mieth. London: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Szakal, Vladimir. 2015. “Compagnie Générale des Salines de Tunisie Opacity, Evasion, Exploitation. [General Company of Tunisian Salt : Opacity, Evasion and Exploitation]Nawaat, 25 February. $http://nawaat.org/portail/2015/02/25/compagnie-tunisienne-generale-des-salinieres-opacity-evasion-exploitation/ (accessed 20 March 2015).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Tolbert, David. 2013. “Tunisia’s Black Book: Transparency or Witch-Hunt?Al Jazeera English, December. http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/12/tunisia-black-book-transparency-witch-hunt-2013128517156923.html (accessed 3 June 2014).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Tripp, Charles. 2013. “Performing the Public: Theatres of Power in the Middle East.” Constellations 20, no. 2: 25474.

  • Tunis Afrique Press (TAP). 2012. “ANC: La commission des blessés et martyrs de la révolution demande la création de tribunaux spéciaux.” [National Constituent Assembly: The commission of the injured and martyrs of the revolution demand the creation of a special tribunals] L’Agence Tunis Afrique Presse. http://www.turess.com/fr/tapfr/127943 (accessed 4 May 2015)

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Tunis Afrique Press (TAP). 2014. “Protest march in Tunis against Judgements in Cases of Martyrs and Wounded of Revolution.” L’Agence Tunis Afrique Presse. http://www.tap.info.tn/en/index.php/politics2/17268-protest-march-in-tunis-against-judgements-in-cases-of-martyrs-and-wounded-of-revolution (accessed 1 May 2014).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Tunisie Numerique. 2014. “Tunisie—Kasserine: Walid Banneni échappe au lynchage sous la couverture des policies. [Tunisia-Kasserine : Walid Benneni escapes a lynching under the cover of police]Tunisie Numerique. http://www.tunisienumerique.com/tunisie-kasserine-walid-banneni-echappe-au-lynchage-sous-la-couverture-des-policiers/224094 (accessed 28 May 2014).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Varadharajan, Asha. 1995. Exotic Parodie: Subjectivity in Adorno, Said and Spivak. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press.

  • Walmsey, Richard. 2013. World Prison Population List. International Centre for Prison Studies. http://www.prisonstudies.org/sites/prisonstudies.org/files/resources/downloads/wppl_10.pdf (accessed 4 May 2014).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Willis, Michael. 2012. Politics and Power in the Maghreb: Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco from Independence to the Arab Spring. London: Hurst.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

Metrics

All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 3620 2551 348
Full Text Views 44 10 0
PDF Downloads 40 14 0