The Social Life of Fighting Words

The Case of Political Correctness

in Conflict and Society
Author:
Ronald S. Stade Malmö University ronald.stade@mah.se

Search for other papers by Ronald S. Stade in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
Restricted access

ABSTRACT

Political correctness has become a fighting word used to dismiss and discredit political opponents. The article traces the conceptual history of this fighting word. In anthropological terms, it describes the social life of the concept of political correctness and its negation, political incorrectness. It does so by adopting a concept-inmotion methodology, which involves tracking the concept through various cultural and political regimes. It represents an attempt to synthesize well-established historiographic and anthropological approaches. A Swedish case is introduced that reveals the kind of large-scale historical movements and deep-seated political conflicts that provide the contemporary context for political correctness and its negation. Thereupon follows an account of the conceptual history of political correctness from the eighteenth century up to the present. Instead of a conventional conclusion, the article ends with a political analysis of the current rise of fascism around the world and how the denunciation of political correctness is both indicative of and instrumental in this process.

Contributor Notes

RONALD S. STADE is Professor of peace and conflict studies with specialization in anthropology at Malmö University, Sweden. He is the founding editor Conflict and Society and has conducted anthropological fieldwork in Guam, Washington, DC, and, most recently, Lebanon. His research has focused on global-local cultural change, cosmopolitanism, and ethical theory.

  • Collapse
  • Expand

Conflict and Society

Advances in Research

  • Abelove, Henry, Julie Abraham, Hannah Alderfer, John Allec, Dorothy Allison, Dennis Altman, Janet Altman, et al. 1983. “The Barnard Conference.” Feminist Studies 9 (1): 177180.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Adorno, Theodor, Else Frenkel-Brunswik, Daniel Levinson, and Nevitt Sanford. 1950. The Authoritarian Personality. New York: Harper & Brothers.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • AfD (Alternative für Deutschland). 2016. Für unser Land—für unsere Werte: Landtagswahlprogramm 2016 der AfD Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart: AfD-Landesverband Baden-Württemberg.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Appadurai, Arjun, ed. 1986. The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  • Basiliere, Jenna. 2009. “Political Is Personal: Scholarly Manifestations of the Feminist Sex Wars.” Michigan Feminist Studies 22 (1): 125.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bloch, Maurice. 1986. From Blessing to Violence: History and Ideology in the Circumcision Ritual of the Merina of Madagascar. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bloom, Joshua, and Waldo Martin Jr. 2013. Black Against Empire: The History and Politics of the Black Panther Party. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bourdieu, Pierre. 1977. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  • Cade, Toni, ed. 1970. The Black Woman: An Anthology. New York: New American Library.

  • Cruse, Harold. (1962) 2009. “Negro Nationalism’s New Wave.” In Rebellion or Revolution, 6873. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Dallas, Alexander James. 1798. Reports of Cases Ruled and Adjudged in the Several Courts of the United States, and of Pennsylvania, Held at the Seat of the Federal Government. Vol. 2. Philadelphia.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Dimen, Muriel. 1984. “Politically Correct? Politically Incorrect?” In Pleasure and Danger: Exploring Female Sexuality, ed. Carole S. Vance. Boston and London, 138148: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • D’Souza, Dinesh. 1991. Illiberal Education: The Politics of Race and Sex on Campus. New York: Free Press.

  • Dumont, Louis. 1986. Essays on Individualism: Modern Ideology in Anthropological Perspective. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  • Eco, Umberto. 1995. “Ur-Fascism.” New York Review of Books. 22 June.

  • Edwards, Lee. 1997. The Power of Ideas: The Heritage Foundation at 25 Years. Ottawa, IL: Jameson Books.

  • Friedman, Jeremy. 2015. Shadow Cold War: The Sino-Soviet Competition for the Third World. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Friedman, Jonathan. 1999. “Rhinoceros 2.” Current Anthropology 40 (5): 679688.

  • Fromm, Erich. 1941. Escape from Freedom. New York: Farrar and Rinehart.

  • Gaunt, David. 1982. Memoir on History and Anthropology. Stockholm: Council for Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences (HSFR).

  • Graeber, David. 2012. “Dead Zones of the Imagination: On Violence, Bureaucracy, and Interpretive Labor. Malinowski Memorial Lecture, 2006.” HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory 2 (2): 105128.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Graeber, David. 2015. The Utopia of Rules: On Technology, Stupidity, and the Secret Joys of Bureaucracy. Brooklyn: Melville House.

  • Graebner, Fritz. 1911. Methode der Ethnologie. Heidelberg: Carl Winters Universitätsbuchhandlung.

  • Hölscher, Lucian, ed. 2008. Political Correctness: Der sprachpolitische Streit um die nationalsozialistischen Verbrechen. Göttingen: Wallstein Verlag.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Leese, Daniel. 2014. “A Single Spark: Origins and Spread of the Little Red Book in China.” In Mao’s Little Red Book: A Global History, ed. Alexander Cook, 2342. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lessing, Doris. 2004. “Censorship.” In Time Bites: Views and Reviews, 7176. London: Fourth Estate.

  • Mayer, Jane. 2016. Dark Money: The Hidden History of the Billionaires Behind the Rise of the Radical Right. New York: Doubleday.

  • Medick, Hans. 1987. “‘Missionaries in the Row Boat’? Ethnological Ways of Knowing as a Challenge to Social History.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 29 (1): 7698.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mittmann, Thomas. 2008. “Vom ‘Historikerstreit’ zum ‘Fall Hohmann’: Kontroverse Diskussionen um Political Correctness seit Ende der 1980er Jahre.” In Political Correctness: Der sprachpolitische Streit um die nationalsozialistischen Verbrechen, ed. Lucian Hölscher, 60101. Göttingen: Wallstein Verlag.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Paxton, Robert. 2004. The Anatomy of Fascism. New York: Knopf.

  • Perry, Ruth. 1992. “Historically Correct.” Women’s Review of Books 9 (5): 1516.

  • Peters, Shawn Francis. 1999. “Re-hearing ‘Fighting Words’: Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire in Retrospect.” Journal of Supreme Court History 24 (3): 282297.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ratzel, Friedrich. 1882. Anthropo-Geographie oder Grundzüge der Anwendung der Erdkunde auf die Geschichte. Stuttgart: Engelhorn.

  • Ratzel, Friedrich. 1897. “Die geographische Methode in der Ethnographie.” Geographische Zeitschrift 3 : 268278.

  • Sahlins, Marshall. 1981. Historical Metaphors and Mythical Realities: Structure in the Early History of the Sandwich Islands Kingdom. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Seale, Bobby. 1970. Seize the Time: The Story of the Black Panther Party and Huey P Newton. New York: Vintage Books.

  • Stade, Ronald. 1998. Pacific Passages: World Culture and Local Politics in Guam. Stockholm: Stockholm Studies in Social Anthropology.

  • Stade, Ronald. 2015. “Diffusion: Anthropological Aspects.” In International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, vol. 6, 2nd ed., 402405. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Strang, David, and John W. Meyer. 1993. “Institutional Conditions for Diffusion.” Theory and Society 22 (4): 487511.

  • Thomas, Keith. 1963. “History and Anthropology.” Past and Present 24 : 324.

  • Tolmach Lakoff, Robin. 2000. The Language War. Berkeley: University of California Press.

  • Vance, Carole, ed. 1984. Pleasure and Danger: Exploring Female Sexuality. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

  • Walden, Andrew. 2015. China under Mao: A Revolution Derailed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

  • Weigel, Moira. 2016. “Political Correctness: How the Right Invented a Phantom Enemy.” Guardian, 30 November. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/nov/30/political-correctness-how-the-right-invented-phantom-enemy-donald-trump.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Williams, Robert F. 1960. “Can Negroes Afford to Be Pacifists?.” New Left Review 1 (1): 4446.

  • Williams, Robert F. 1962. Negroes With Guns. New York: Marzani & Munsell.

  • Williams, Robert F. 1967. “Statement by Robert F. Williams on the Fourth Anniversary of Chairman Mao’s Statement Supporting the American Negroes in the Just Struggle Against Racial Discrimination by U. S. Imperialism.” The Crusader 9 (1): 34.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Wolf, Eric. 1982. Europe and the People Without History. Berkeley: University of California Press.

  • Workers Party. 1921. Program and Constitution: Workers Party of America. New York: Lyceum and Literature Department, Workers Party.

  • Xu, Lanjun. 2014. “Translation and Internationalism.” In Maos Little Red Book: A Global History, ed. Alexander Cook, 7695. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Zedong, Mao. 1963. Statement Supporting the American Negroes in Their Just Struggle Against Racial Discrimination in the United States. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

Metrics

All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 3840 2343 82
Full Text Views 47 9 0
PDF Downloads 35 5 0