This article compares environmental movement engagement in energy and tourism development in Norway and Iceland by bridging the social movement societies (SMSoc) and the players and arenas perspectives. Results are based on field observation and interviews, as well as web-based textual analysis and a preliminary online survey. Results show that Norway is an institutionalized and multi-level social movement society with a mix of professionalized and grassroots local, national, and international organization. Iceland, by contrast, is a national and episodic social movement society where movement players operate at a national scale and engage in project-specific collaboration or opposition in tourism or energy development arenas. This analysis demonstrates the value of bridging the SMSoc and players and arenas perspectives for international comparative social movements research.
Mark C. J. Stoddart is professor in the department of sociology at Memorial University, with research interests in environmental sociology, social movements, and communications and culture. Prof. Stoddart's work has appeared in a wide range of international and Canadian journals focused on environmental social science and social movement studies, including: Social Movement Studies; Interface; Research in Social Movements, Conflict & Change; Energy Research & Social Science; Environmental Politics; Environmental Communication; Society & Natural Resources; and Politics and Governance. ORCID:
Alice Mattoni is an associate professor in the department of political and social sciences at the University of Bologna. She works primarily in the fields of social movements, political communication, sociology of communication, and political sciences. Her monograph, Media Practices and Protest Politics: How Precarious Workers Mobilise, was published by Ashgate in 2012 and reprinted by Routledge in 2016. Her work has appeared in Social Movement Studies, Communication Theory, Information Communication & Society, Triple-C, Portal, Cultural Anthropology Online, Sociology Compass, Feminist Review, Working USA, and Participation and Conflict. ORCID:
Elahe Nezhadhossein is a PhD graduate from the department of sociology at Memorial University, with research interests in social movements, gender, and media. Her research on women's participation in social movements appears in Good Governance and Sustainability (published in Farsi, 2010).