(Un)seen Seas

Technological Mediation, Oceanic Imaginaries, and Future Depths

in Environment and Society
Author:
Stephanie Ratté Columbia University stephanie.ratte@columbia.edu

Search for other papers by Stephanie Ratté in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
Restricted access

Abstract

Remote technologies and digitally mediated representations now serve as a central mode of interaction with hard-to-reach sea spaces and places. This article reviews the literature on varied scholarly engagements with the sea and on the oceanic application of technologies—among them geographic information systems, remotely operated vehicles, and autonomous underwater vehicles—that allow people to envision and engage with deep and distant oceanic spaces. I focus on the extension of a digital and disembodied human presence in the oceans and the persistence of frontier fictions, in which the sea figures as a site of future-oriented possibilities. Finally, I ask what the emphasis on “seeing” through technological mediation means for how we imagine vast spaces, and consider how these elements of the oceanic imaginary can be productively complicated by drawing attention to the materiality of the oceans and the scalar politics of dynamic spaces.

Contributor Notes

STEPHANIE RATTÉ is a PhD student in the Department of Anthropology at Columbia University. Her research interests include the entanglement of climate change, oceanscapes, and placemaking in the Pacific, the politics of space and scale, and the temporal dimensions and uncertainties of climate change futures. Email: stephanie.ratte@columbia.edu

  • Collapse
  • Expand

Environment and Society

Advances in Research

  • American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). 2019. “Unseen Oceans.” 12 March 201818 August 2019. https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/unseen-oceans.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ardron, Jeff, Kristina Gjerde, Sian Pullen, and Virginie Tilot. 2008. “Marine Spatial Planning in the High Seas.” Marine Policy 32 (5): 832839.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bellingham, James, and Kanna Rajan. 2007. “Robotics in Remote and Hostile Environments.” Science 318 (5853): 10981102.

  • Blidberg, D. Richard, Roy M. Turner, and Steven G. Chappell. 1991. “Autonomous Underwater Vehicles: Current Activities and Research Opportunities.” Robotics and Autonomous Systems 7 (2–3): 139150.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Blum, Hester. 2013. “Introduction: Oceanic Studies.” Atlantic Studies 10 (2): 151155.

  • Brito, Mario Paulo, Gwyn Griffiths, and Peter Challenor. 2010. “Risk Analysis for Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Operations in Extreme Environments.” Risk Analysis 30 (12): 17711788.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Brown, E. D. 1983. “Freedom of the High Seas Versus the Common Heritage of Mankind: Fundamental Principles in Conflict.” San Diego Law Review 20 (3): 521560.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Comaroff, John, and Jean Comaroff. 1992. Ethnography and the Historical Imagination. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

  • Cardwell, Emma, and Thomas F. Thornton. 2015. “The Fisherly Imagination: The Promise of Geographical Approaches to Marine Management.” Geoforum 64: 157167.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Carter, Lionel, Douglas Burnett, Stephen Drew, Graham Marle, Lonnie Hagadorn, Deborah Bartlett-McNeil, and Nigel Irvine. 2009. “Submarine Cables and the Oceans: Connecting the World.” UNEP-WCMC Biodiversity Series no. 31.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Coffen-Smout, Scott, and Glen J. Herbert. 2000. “Submarine Cables: A Challenge for Ocean Management.” Marine Policy 24 (6): 441448.

  • Cully, Antoine, Jeff Clune, Danesh Tarapore, and Jean-Baptiste Mouret. 2015. “Robots That Can Adapt Like Animals.” Nature 521 (7553): 503507.

  • De Certeau, Michel. 1984. The Practice of Everyday Life. Berkeley: University of California Press.

  • De Freitas, Débora M., and Paulo Roberto A. Tagliani. 2009. “The Use of GIS for the Integration of Traditional and Scientific Knowledge in Supporting Artisanal Fisheries Management in Southern Brazil.” Journal of Environmental Management 90 (6): 20712080.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Degnarain, Nishan, and Douglas McCauley. 2016. “12 Robots That Could Make (or Break) the Oceans.” World Economic Forum, 16 September. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/09/12-cutting-edge-technologies-that-could-save-our-oceans.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • DeLoughrey, Elizabeth. 2014. “Satellite Planetarity and the Ends of the Earth.” Public Culture 26 (2): 257280.

  • DeLoughrey, Elizabeth. 2017. “Submarine Futures of the Anthropocene.” Comparative Literature 69 (1): 3244.

  • Dening, Greg. 2012. “Deep Times, Deep Spaces: Civilizing the Sea.” In Sea Changes: Historicizing the Ocean, ed. Bernhard Klein and Gesa Mackenthum, 1335. London: Taylor & Francis.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Diaz, Vicente M. 2011. “Voyaging for Anti-Colonial Recovery: Austronesian Seafaring, Archipelagic Rethinking, and the Re-mapping of Indigeneity.” Pacific Asia Inquiry 2 (1): 2132.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Diaz, Vicente M., and J. Kēhaulani Kauanui. 2001. “Native Pacific Cultural Studies on the Edge.” Contemporary Pacific 13 (2): 315342.

  • Eriksen, Charles C., T. James Osse, Russell D. Light, Timothy Wen, Thomas W. Lehman, Peter L. Sabin, John W. Ballard, and Andrew M. Chiodi. 2001. “Seaglider: A Long-Range Autonomous Underwater Vehicle for Oceanographic Research.” IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 26 (4): 424436.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ferse, Sebastian C.A., María Máñez Costa, Kathleen Schwerdtner Máñez, Dedi S. Adhuri, and Marion Glaser. 2010. “Allies, Not Aliens: Increasing the Role of Local Communities in Marine Protected Area Implementation.” Environmental Conservation 37 (1): 2334.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Fox, Jeff. 1998. “Mapping the Commons: The Social Context of Spatial Information Technologies.” Common Property Resource Digest 45: 14.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gibbs, Leah Maree and Andrew Warren. 2014. “Killing Sharks: Cultures and Politics of Encounter and the Sea.” Australian Geographer 45 (2): 101107.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gillis, John R. 2013. “The Blue Humanities: In Studying the Sea, We Are Returning to Our Beginnings.” Humanities 34 (3). https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2013/mayjune/feature/the-blue-humanities.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Grevsmühl, Sebastian Vincent. 2016. “Images, Imagination and the Global Environment: Towards an Interdisciplinary Research Agenda on Global Environmental Images.” Geo: Geography and Environment 3 (2): 114.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Grotius, Hugo. (1609) 2009. Hugo Grotius Mare Liberum 1609–2009. Ed. Robert Feenstra. Leiden: Brill.

  • Haraway, Donna. 1988. “Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of a Partial Perspective.” Feminist Studies 14 (3): 575599.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hasty, William, and Kimberley Peters. 2012. “The Ship in Geography and the Geographies of Ships.” Geography Compass 6 (11): 660676.

  • Hau‘ofa, Epeli. 1994. “Our Sea of Islands.” Contemporary Pacific 6 (1): 147161.

  • Hau‘ofa, Epeli. 1998. “The Ocean in Us.” Contemporary Pacific 10 (2): 392410.

  • Henderson, Emily. 2017. “Dive into World Oceans Day with Google Earth and Maps.” The Keyword, 8 June. https://blog.google/products/earth/dive-into-world-oceans-day-google-earth-and-maps.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Helmreich, Stefan. 2007. “An anthropologist underwater: Immersive soundscapes, submarine cyborgs, and transductive ethnography.” American Ethnologist 34 (4): 621641.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Helmreich, Stefan. 2009. Alien Ocean: Anthropological Voyages in Microbial Seas. Berkeley: University of California Press.

  • Helmreich, Stefan. 2010. “Listening against Soundscapes.” Anthropology News, 10 December.

  • Helmreich, Stefan. 2011. “From Spaceship Earth to Google Ocean: Planetary Icons, Indexes, and Infrastructures.” Social Research 78 (4): 12111242.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hernández, Juan David, Klemen Istenič, Nuno Gracias, Narcís Palomeras, Ricard Campos, Eduard Vidal, Rafael García and Marc Carreras. 2016. “Autonomous Underwater Navigation and Optical Mapping in Unknown Natural Environments.” Sensors 16 (1174): 127.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ingersoll, Karin Amimoto. 2016. Waves of Knowing: A Seascape Epistemology. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

  • Jackson, S. E. 1995. “The Water Is Not Empty: Cross-Cultural Issues in Conceptualising Sea Space.” Australian Geographer 26 (1): 8796.

  • Kauanui, J. Kēhaulani. 2015. “Imperial Ocean: The Pacific as a Critical Site for American Studies.” American Quarterly 67 (3): 625636.

  • Kracker, Laura M. 1999. “The Geography of Fish: The Use of Remote Sensing and Spatial Analysis Tools in Fisheries Research.” Professional Geographer 51 (3): 440450.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lambert, David, Luciana Martins, and Miles Ogborn. 2006. “Currents, Visions and Voyages: Historical Geographies of the Sea.” Journal of Historical Geography 32 (3): 479493.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lefebvre, Henri. (1974) 1991. The Production of Space. Trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith. Oxford: Blackwell.

  • Levine, Arielle Sarah, and Christine Loftus Feinholz. 2015. “Participatory GIS to Inform Coral Reef Ecosystem Management: Mapping Human Coastal and Ocean Uses in Hawaii.” Applied Geography 59: 6069.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lewis, Martin W. 1999. “Dividing the Ocean Sea.” Geographical Review 89 (2): 188214.

  • McCall, Michael K., and Peter A. Minang. 2005. “Assessing Participatory GIS for Community-Based Natural Resource Management: Claiming Community Forests in Cameroon.” Geographical Journal 171 (4): 340356.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Merrie, Andrew, Daniel C. Dunn, Marc Metian, Andrew M. Boustany, Yoshinobu Takei, Alex Oude Elferink, Yoshitaka Ota, et al. 2014. “An Ocean of Surprises: Trends in Human Use, Unexpected Dynamics and Governance Challenges in Areas beyond National Jurisdiction.” Global Environmental Change 27: 1931.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Neill, Peter. 2017a. “Artificial Intelligence and the Ocean.” Medium, 29 November.

  • Neill, Peter. 2017b. “Soul of the Sea In the Age of the Algorithm: How Tech Startups Can Heal Our Oceans.” Medium, 29 November.

  • NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). 2017. “Take a Dive: Ocean in Google Earth.” 6 July. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/news/weeklynews/feb09/googleocean.html.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Olson, Valerie, and Lisa Messeri. 2015. “Beyond the Anthropocene: Un-earthing and Epoch.” Environment and Society: Advances in Research 6: 2847.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Orbach, Michael. 2003. “Beyond the Freedom of the Seas: Ocean Policy for the Third Millennium.” Oceanography 16 (1): 2029.

  • Peterson, Andrea. 2015. “Everything You Need to Know about the Undersea Cables That Power Your Internet—and Why They're at Risk of Breaking.” The Independent 27 October. https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-undersea-cables-that-power-your-internet-and-why-theyre-at-a6710581.html.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Phillips, Jon. 2018. “Order and the Offshore: The Territories of Deep-Water Oil Production.” In Territory Beyond Terra, ed. Kimberley Peters, Philip Steinberg, and Elaine Stratford, 5167. London: Rowman & Littlefield.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rozwadowski, Helen M. 2001. “Technology and Ocean-scape: Defining the Deep Sea in Mid-nineteenth Century.” History and Technology 17 (3): 217247.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rozwadowski, Helen M. 2010. “Ocean's Depths.” Environmental History 15 (3): 520525.

  • Rozwadowski, Helen M. 2012. “Arthur C. Clarke and the Limitations of the Ocean as a Frontier.” Environmental History 17 (3): 578602.

  • Rozwadowski, Helen M. 2018. Vast Expanses: A History of the Oceans. London: Reaktion Books.

  • Ryan, J. P., S. B. Johnson, A. Sherman, K. Rajan, F. Py, H. Thomas, J. B. J. Harvey, et al. 2010. “Mobile Autonomous Process Sampling within Coastal Ocean Observing Systems.” Liminology and Oceanography: Methods 8 (8): 394402.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sheller, Mimi, and John Urry. 2006. “The New Mobilities Paradigm.” Environment and Planning A 38 (2): 207226.

  • Star, Susan Leigh. 1999. “The Ethnography of Infrastructure.” American Behavioral Scientist 43 (3): 377391.

  • Starosielski, Nicole. 2015. The Undersea Network. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

  • Steinberg, Philip E. 1999. “Navigating to Multiple Horizons: Toward a Geography of Ocean-Space.” Professional Geographer 51 (3): 366375.

  • Steinberg, Philip E. 2001. The Social Construction of the Ocean. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  • Steinberg, Philip E. 2013. “Of Other Seas: Metaphors and Materialities in Maritime Regions.” Atlantic Studies 10 (2): 156169.

  • Steinberg, Philip, and Kimberly Peters. 2015. “Wet Ontologies, Fluid Spaces: Giving Depth to Volume through Oceanic Thinking.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 33 (2): 247264.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • St. Martin, Kevin, and Madeleine Hall-Arber. 2008. “The Missing Layer: Geo-technologies, Communities, and Implications for Marine Spatial Planning.” Marine Policy 32 (5): 779786.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Thornton, Thomas F., and Adela Maciejewski Scheer. 2012. “Collaborative Engagement of Local and Traditional Knowledge and Science in Marine Environments: A Review.” Ecology and Society 17 (3). http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-04714-170308.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Tsing, Anna. 2015. The Mushroom at the End of the World: On the Possibility of Life in Capitalist Ruins. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Turner, Roy M. 2005. “Intelligent Mission Planning and Control of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles.” Paper presented at the International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling, Monterey, CA, 5–10 June.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • UNGA (United Nations General Assembly). 2000. “Resolution 54/33: Results of the Review by the Commission on Sustainable Development of the Sectoral Theme of “Oceans and Seas”: International Coordination and Cooperation. A/RES/54/33, 18 January. https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/54/33.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • West, Paige. 2016. Dispossession and the Environment: Rhetoric and Inequality in Papua New Guinea. New York: Columbia University Press.

  • Wright, Dawn J. 1999. “Getting to the Bottom of It: Tools, Techniques, and Discoveries of Deep Ocean Geography.” Professional Geographer 51 (3): 426439.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Wright, Dawn J., and Michael F. Goodchild. 1997. “Data from the Deep: Implications for the GIS Community.” International Journal of Geographic Information Science 11 (6): 523528.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Wynn, Russell B., Veerle A. I. Huvenne, Timothy P. Le Bas, Bramley J. Murton, Douglas P. Connelly, Brian J. Bett, Henry A. Ruhl, et al. 2014. “Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs): Their Past, Present and Future Contributions to the Advancement of Marine Geoscience.” Marine Geology 352: 451468.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Yuh, J. 2000. “Design and Control of Autonomous Underwater Robots: A Survey.” Autonomous Robots 8 (1): 724.

  • Yuh, J., and M. West. 2001. “Underwater Robotics.” Advanced Robotics 15 (5): 609639.

Metrics

All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 4753 2552 326
Full Text Views 93 11 0
PDF Downloads 136 14 0