Becoming an Israeli Reform Jewish Movement

Creating Community, Religious Practice, and Social Involvement

in Israel Studies Review
Author:
Elazar Ben-Lulu Anthropologist, Ariel University, Israel

Search for other papers by Elazar Ben-Lulu in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
Restricted access

Abstract

The Israeli Movement for Reform and Progressive Judaism has grown considerably in recent years. Fifty congregations and initiatives now operate throughout the country, offering prayer services, holiday and life-cycle ceremonies, study houses, conversion courses, pre-army programs, and more. Despite its increased presence in Israeli life, the movement is still known among the general public mainly for its struggle to achieve equal status and gain official recognition. In fact, the very term ‘Reform Jew’ still carries a derogatory connotation in many sectors of society. This article describes the major turning points encountered by the Israeli Reform Movement in its quest for recognition, the arenas in which it operates and parties with which it negotiates, and the ways in which it differs from its counterpart in North America. While the article focuses on a single movement in the Israeli marketplace of religious identities, it seeks to shed light on religion–state relations and changes in the Jewish world more generally.

Contributor Notes

ELAZAR BEN-LULU is an anthropologist of religion, gender and sexualiry from the department of sociology and anthropology at Ariel University, Israel. His work on Jewish LGBTQ+ life-cycle rituals won a Hadassah-Brandeis Institute Research Award in 2021. He also won the 2019–2020 Baron New Voices in Jewish Studies Award from the Institute for Israel and Jewish Studies at Columbia University and Fordham University. Together with Prof. Ofer Shiff, he co-edited the book The Reform Movement in Israel: Perspectives on Identity and Community (2022), published by the Ben-Gurion Research Institute for the Study of Israel and Zionism.

  • Collapse
  • Expand
  • Ammerman, Nancy Tatom, and Arthur E. Farnsley. 1997. Congregation and Community. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

  • Avishai, Orit. 2020. “Religious Queer People beyond Identity Conflict: Lessons from Orthodox LGBT Jews in Israel.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 59 (2): 360378.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Azulay Naama, and Tabory Ephraim. 2008. “From Houses of Study to Houses of Prayer: Religious-Cultural Developments in the Israeli Secular Sector.” Social Issues in Israel 6: 121156.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bagby, Ihsan Abdul-Wajid, Paul M. Perl, and Bryan T. Froehle. 2001. The Mosque in America, A National Portrait: A Report from the Mosque Study Project. Washington, DC: Council on American-Islamic Relations.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Barak-Gorodetsky, David. 2022. “Religion and State in Israel-Diaspora Relations: A Social-Covenant Approach.” Israel Studies 27 (2): 92104.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ben-Lulu, Elazar. 2020. “‘We Are Already Dried Fruits’: Women Celebrating a Tu BiSh'vat Seder in an Israeli Reform Congregation.” Contemporary Jewry 40 (3): 453469.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ben-Lulu, Elazar. 2021a. “Who Has the Right to the City? Reform Jewish Rituals of Gender-Religious Resistance in Tel Aviv-Jaffa.” Gender, Place & Culture 29 (9): 12511273.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ben-Lulu, Elazar. 2021b. “Performing Gender and Political Recognition: Israeli Reform Jewish Life-Cycle Rituals.” Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 50 (2): 202230.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ben-Lulu, Elazar. 2021c. “‘Let Us Bless the Twilight’: Intersectionality of Traditional Jewish Ritual and Queer Pride in a Reform Congregation in Israel.” Journal of Homosexuality 68 (1): 2346.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ben-Lulu, Elazar. 2022. “‘Casting Our Sins Away’: A Comparative Analysis of Queer Jewish Communities in Israel and in the US.Religions 13 (9): 845.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ben-Lulu, Elazar. 2024. “‘May Our Hearts Rise Up in Prayer’: Responses of Russian-Speaking Immigrant Israeli Reform Congregations to the Russo-Ukrainian War.” Religion 54 (2): 252270.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ben-Porat, Guy. 2000. “A State of Holiness: Rethinking Israeli Secularism.” Alternatives 25 (2): 223245.

  • Ben-Rafael, Eliezer, and Lior Ben-Chaim. 2006. Jewish Identities in an Era of Multiple Modernities. [In Hebrew.] Tel-Aviv: The Open University.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Berkovitch, N., Peled, Y., & Ofir, A. (2001). Citizenship and motherhood: Women's status in Israel. Israel: From mobilized to civil society. Jerusalem: The Van Leer Institute and Hakibbutz Hameuchad, 206-243.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bielo, James S. 2009. Words upon the Word: An Ethnography of Evangelical Group Bible Study. New York: NYU Press.

  • Bielo, James S. 2011. “City of Man, City of God: The Re-urbanization of American Evangelicals.” City & Society 23 (1): 223.

  • Carmi, Ruth. 2015. The Writing on the Wall: Racist Incitement against the Arab Population in Israel in the Online Space. Jerusalem: IRAC.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Cohen, Anthony P. 2013. Symbolic Construction of Community. Oxfordshire, UK: Routledge.

  • Cohen, Asher, and Bernard Susser. 2010. “Reform Judaism in Israel: The Anatomy of Weakness.” Modern Judaism 30 (1): 2345.

  • Collins, Patricia Hill. 2019. Intersectionality as Critical Social Theory. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

  • Delanty, Gerard. 1998. “Reinventing Community and Citizenship in the Global Era: A Critique of the Communitarian Concept of Community.” In Communitarianism and Citizenship, ed. Emilios A. Christodoulidis, 3339. New York: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Don-Yehiya, Eliezer. 1987. “Jewish Messianism, Religious Zionism and Israeli Politics: The Impact and Origins of Gush Emunim.” Middle Eastern Studies 23 (2): 215234.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Eliassaf, Nurit. 2016. “The Intra-lingual and Inter-lingual Translation of the Siddur by the American Reform Movement as an Expression of the Movement's Ideological Changes and in Light of the Historical Events and Social Transformations that Took Place from the Middle of the 19th Century until 2007.MA thesis, Bar Ilan University.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Eliram, Talila. 2006. Bo, shir Ivri [Come, Hebrew song]. [In Hebrew.] Haifa: Haifa University Press.

  • Ellenson, David. 1999. “A New Rite from Israel: Reflections on Siddur Va'ani Tefillati of the Masorati (Conservative) Movement.” In Studies in Contemporary Jewry, No. 15, ed. Ezra Mendelsohn, 151168. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Feferman, Dan. 2018. Rising Streams: Reform and Conservative Judaism in Israel. Jerusalem: The Jewish People Policy Institute.

  • Fisher, Netanel. 2013. “A Jewish State? Controversial Conversions and the Dispute over Israel's Jewish Character.” Contemporary Jewry 33 (3): 217240.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Friedland, Eric Lewis. 1967. “The Historical and Theological Development of the Non-Orthodox Prayer Book in the United States.Ph.D. diss., Brandeis University.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Fuchs, Ofira. 2018. “Innovative Ordinariness and Ritual Change in a Jerusalem Minyan.” Journal of Modern Jewish Studies 17 (4): 397415.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Goldberg, Harvey E. 2003. Jewish Passages: Cycles of Jewish Life. Oakland: University of California Press.

  • Haklai, Iddo. 2020. “Four Paradigms of Legal Change: American Conservative Halachic Rulings on Women's Roles in Synagogue Practice.” Modern Judaism 40 (2): 160194.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Heelas, Paul, David Martin, and Paul Morris. 1998. Religion, Modernity and Postmodernity. Oxford: Blackwell.

  • Hervieu-Léger, Danièle. 1998. “The Transmission and Formation of Socioreligious Identities in Modernity: An Analytical Essay on the Trajectories of Identification.” International Sociology 13 (2): 213228.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hurd, Elizabeth Shakman. 2017. Beyond Religious Freedom: The New Global Politics of Religion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Joskowicz, Ari, and Ethan B. Katz, eds. 2015. Secularism in Question: Jews and Judaism in Modern Times. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kravel-Tovi, Michal. 2017. When the State Winks: The Performance of Jewish Conversion in Israel. New York: Columbia University Press.

  • Leon, Nisim. 2006. “The Ultra-Orthodox Unrest among the Mizrahi Jews: Ethnographic Images from Ashnav of the Sectarian Synagogue.” [In Hebrew.] In Shas: Cultural and Ideological Aspects, ed. Aviezer Ravitzky, 165193. Tel-Aviv: Am Oved Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lerner, Julia. 2011. “‘Russians’ in Israel as a Post-Soviet Subject: Implementing the Civilizational Repertoire.” Israel Affairs 17 (1): 2137.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lerner, Julia, Tamar Rapoport, and Edna Lomsky-Feder. 2007. “The Ethnic Script in Action: The Regrounding of Russian Jewish Immigrants in Israel.” Ethos 35 (2): 168195.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Libel-Hass, Einat. 2016. “Liberal (Reform and Conservative) Judaism in Tel Aviv.Ph.D. diss., Bar-Ilan University.

  • Libel-Hass, Einat, and Elazar Ben-Lulu. 2024. “Are You Our Sisters? Resistance, Belonging, and Recognition in Israeli Reform Jewish Female Converts.” Politics and Religion Journal 18 (1): 131157.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Long, Tomas G. 2001. Beyond the Worship Wars: Building Vital and Faithful Worship. Bethesda, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.

  • Maor, Nicole, and David Ellenson. 2022. “‘Who Is a Convert?’:The Law of Return and the Legality of Reform and Conservative Conversions in Israel.” Israel Studies 27 (2): 2440.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Markowitz, Fran. 1988. “Jewish in the USSR, Russian in the USA: Social Context and Ethnic Identity.” In Persistence and Flexibility: Anthropological Perspectives on the American Jewish Experience, ed. Walter P. Zenner, 381. Albany: State University of New York Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Marx, Dalia. 2015. “Empowerment, Not Police: What Are We to Do with Problematic Liturgical Passages?Women in Judaism: A Multidisciplinary e-Journal 12 (2).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Marx, Dalia, and Aloa Lisitsa. 2021. Tefilat HaAdam (a Human Being's Prayer): An Israeli Reform Siddur (Prayer Book). The Reform Jewish Movement in Israel. Shoam: Kinneret Zmora-Bitan.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Meyer, Michael A. 1995. Response to Modernity: A History of the Reform Movement in Judaism. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.

  • Modood, Tariq. 1998. “Anti-Essentialism, Multiculturalism and the ‘Recognition’ of Religious Groups.” Journal of Political Philosophy 6 (4): 378399.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Muszkat-Barkan, Michal. 2013. “The Choice of Reform Rabbinical Studies in Israel and the Rabbinical Mission: Negotiating Tikun Olam and Personal Tikun.” Journal of Jewish Education 79 (2): 78103.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Muszkat-Barkan, Michal. 2015. “Between Ritual and Spiritual: Teachers’ Perceptions and Practices Regarding Prayer Education in TALI Day Schools in Israel.” Journal of Jewish Education 81 (3): 260284.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Neeman, Rina. 2011. “Tel-Avivian Prayer: An Israeli Prayer House in Tel-Aviv.” Israeli Sociology 12 (2): 403431.

  • Newberg, Adina. B.. 2008. New prayers, here and now: reconnecting to Israel through engaging in prayer, poetry, and song. Israel Studies Review 23 (2): 7798.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Nida, Eugene A. 1994. “The Sociolinguistics of Translating Canonical Religious Texts.” Traduction, Terminologie, Rédaction 7 (1): 191217.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Orbach, Nichola. 2017. Reform in Israel. Tel Aviv: Resling.

  • Petuchowski, Jacob J. 1998. “Liberal Halakhah and Liturgy.” In Studies in Modern Theology and Prayer, ed. Elizabeth R. Petuchowski and Aaron M. Petuchowski, 131138. Philadelphia, PA: The Jewish Publication Society.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ram, Uri. 2008. “Why Secularism Fails? Secular Nationalism and Religious Revivalism in Israel.” International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society 21 (1): 5773.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Raz-Krakotzkin, Amnon. 2011. “Jewish Peoplehood, ‘Jewish Politics,’ and Political Responsibility: Arendt on Zionism and Partitions.” College Literature 38 (1): 5774.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rechnitzer, Haim O., and Gabriella Minnes Brandes. 2009. “Theological and Pedagogical Implications of the Role of Zionism in Reform Jewish Manifestos: A Bridge from Vision to Praxis.” Journal of Jewish Education 75 (4): 329349.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Reiner, Elchanan. 2000. “Destruction, Temple and Holy Place: Issues about Questions of Time and Place in the Middle Ages.” [In Hebrew.] Cathedra 97: 647

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Schiller, Benjie-Ellen. 1992. “The Hymnal as an Index of Musical Change in Reform Synagogues.” In Sacred Sound and Social Change, ed. Lawrence A. Hoffman and Janet R. Walton, 187212. Notre Dame, IN: Notre Dame Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Shenhav, Yehouda. 2008. “An Invitation to a Post–Secular Sketch for the Study of Israeli Society.” [In Hebrew.] Israeli Sociology 10: 181188.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Tabory, Ephraim. 2004. “The Israel Reform and Conservative Movements and the Market for Liberal Judaism.” In Jews in Israel: Contemporary Social and Cultural Patterns, ed. Uzi Rebhun and Chaim I. Waxman, 285315. Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Taylor, Charles. 1994. Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

  • Wilcox, Melissa M. 2002. “When Sheila's a Lesbian: Religious Individualism among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Christians.” Sociology of Religion 63 (4): 497513.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Wuthnow, Robert. 1998. Sharing the Journey: Support Groups and America's New Quest for Community. New York: Simon and Schuster.

  • Yadgar, Yaacov. 2011. “Jewish Secularism and Ethno-national Identity in Israel: The Traditionist Critique.” Journal of Contemporary Religion 26 (3): 467481.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Yadgar, Yaacov, and Charles Liebman. 2006. “Beyond the Religious-Secular Dichotomy: Traditional Judaism in Israel.” In Israel and Modernity: In Honor of Moshe Lissak, ed. U. Cohen, E. Ben-Rafael, A. Bareli , E. Yaar, 337366. Sde Boker: Merkaz le-moreshet ben-gurion.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Yonah, Yossi. 2005. “Israel as a Multicultural Democracy: Challenges and Obstacles.” Israel Affairs 11 (1): 95116.

  • Zaban, Hila. 2016. “‘Once There Were Moroccans Here—Today Americans’: Gentrification and the Housing Market in the Baka Neighbourhood of Jerusalem.” City 20 (3): 412427.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Zucker, Dedi. 1999. We the Secular Jews: What is Secular Jewish Identity? [In Hebrew.] Tel Aviv: Miskal.

  • Zwissler, Laurel. 2019. “Sex, Love, and an Old Brick Building: A United Church of Canada Congregation Transitions to LGBTQ Inclusion.” Journal of the American Academy of Religion 87 (4): 11131152.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

Metrics

All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 251 251 51
Full Text Views 26 26 1
PDF Downloads 29 29 1