“Must Be Clean, Safe and Discreet”

The Lexicon of Discretion in Men's Same-Sex Online Hook-Ups

in Journal of Bodies, Sexualities, and Masculinities
Author:
Joseph De Lappe Visiting researcher, Open University, UK joseph.de-lappe@open.ac.uk

Search for other papers by Joseph De Lappe in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9528-424X
,
Gavin Brown Chief Executive, Trade Sexual Health, UK gavin.brown@sheffield.ac.uk

Search for other papers by Gavin Brown in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9881-8350
, and
Cesare Di Feliciantonio Senior Lecturer, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK c.di.feliciantonio@mmu.ac.uk

Search for other papers by Cesare Di Feliciantonio in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4830-5212
Restricted access

Abstract

On digital hook-up apps for same-sex attracted men, it is common to read requests for “discretion” from “discreet” men expecting others be the same. Such discretionary language is not new but has evolved and shifted as it became coded into the affordances of hook-up apps. We argue to be discreet is not necessarily to be “closeted” or to be a “MSM” (man who has sex with men). Drawing on our research of men who engage with online same-sex hook-ups, we consider the context of discretionary language used. We discuss how this illustrates the paradox of discretionary language, where requests for discretion typically imply the requester is seeking to act indiscreetly in some fashion.

Contributor Notes

Joseph De Lappe is a visiting academic in the Faculty of Wellbeing, Education & Language Studies (WELS) at the Open University. He works across a range of health and social care knowledge exchange, public engagement, and research projects within WELS. His own research looks at health and social care inequalities for LGBTQ+ communities with a focus on emergent sexual identities. Recent work has been published in Sport Sciences for Health and the British Journal of Community Justice. Email: joseph.de-lappe@open.ac.uk; ORCID: 0000-0002-9528-424X

Gavin Brown is chief executive of Trade Sexual Health, an LGBT health charity based in Leicester, England. He was professor of political geography and sexualities at the University of Leicester until 2021. He currently holds visiting professor positions at University College Dublin and The University of Sheffield. His research spans LGBTQ+ lives and sexual politics, especially as experienced in smaller cities, as well as a long-standing interest in the historical geographies and geopolitics of the international anti-apartheid movement. Email: gavin.brown@sheffield.ac.uk; ORCID: 0000-0001-9881-8350

Cesare Di Feliciantonio is senior lecturer in human geography at Manchester Metropolitan University. His research concerns living with HIV, sexualities, and housing. He is one of the editors of Social & Cultural Geography and, together with Valerie De Craene, is the guest editor of the special issue “Remapping Desire: Bringing Back Sex within Geographies of Sexualities” published in Gender, Place & Culture (2023). His work has been published in, among others, Antipode; Dialogues in Human Geography; Geoforum; International Journal of Urban and Regional Research; Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers. Email: c.di.feliciantonio@mmu.ac.uk; ORCID: 0000-0002-4830-5212

  • Collapse
  • Expand
  • Baker, Paul. 2002. Polari: The Lost Language of Gay Men. London: Routledge.

  • Bell, David. 1995. “Pleasure and Danger: The Paradoxical Spaces of Sexual Citizenship.” Political Geography 14 (2): 139–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/0962-6298(95)91661-M.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Blackwell, Courtney, Jeremy Birnholtz, and Charles Abbott. 2015. “Seeing and Being Seen: Co-Situation and Impression Formation Using Grindr, a Location-Aware Gay Dating App.New Media & Society 17 (7): 11171136. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814521595

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Boellstorff, Tom. 2011. “But Do Not Identify as Gay: A Proleptic Genealogy of the MSM Category.Cultural Anthropology 26 (2): 287312. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1360.2011.01100.x

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Borisa, Dhiren, and Gavin Brown. Forthcoming. “Intimate Borders of South Asian Queer Diasporas in the UK.” In The Routledge Companion to Gender and Borderlands, ed. Zalfa Feghali and Deborah Toner. London: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Boussalem, Alessandro. 2021. “In, Out, or Somewhere Else Entirely: Going Beyond Binary Constructions of the Closet in the Lives of LGBTQ People from a Muslim Background Living in Brussels.Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 46 (2): 435448. https://doi.org/10.1111/tran.12422

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Brown, Gavin. 2012. “Homonormativity: A Metropolitan Concept that Denigrates ‘Ordinary’ Gay Lives.Journal of Homosexuality 59 (7): 10651072. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2012.699851

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Brown, Gavin. 2015. “Rethinking the Origins of Homonormativity: The Diverse Economies of Rural Gay Life in England and Wales in the 1970s and 1980s.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 40 (4): 549561. doi:10.1111/tran.12095.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Brown, Gavin, and Dhiren Borisa. 2020. “Making Space for Queer Desire in Global Urbanism” In Global Urbanism: Knowledge, Power and the City, ed. Michele Lancione and Colin McFarlane, 4955. London: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Brown, Gavin, Kath Browne, Michael Brown, Gerda Roelvink, Michelle Carnegie, and Ben Anderson. 2011. “Sedgwick's Geographies: Touching Space.Progress in Human Geography 35 (1): 121131. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132510386253

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Brown, Michael. 2000. Closet Space: Geographies of Metaphor from the Body to the Globe. London: Routledge.

  • Brown, Michael. 2012. “Gender and Sexuality I: Intersectional Anxieties.Progress in Human Geography 36 (4): 541550. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132511420973

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Canillo Solis, Randy Jay. 2022. “Now Dating on Steroids: Play and Nostalgia in the Mediatization of Gay Cruising in the Philippines.” International Journal of Communication 16: 3924–3941. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/16000.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Cassidy, Elija. 2018. Gay Men, Identity, and Social Media: A Culture of Participatory Reluctance. London: Routledge.

  • Chauncey, George. 1994. Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890–1940. New York: Basic Books.

  • Clay, Simon. 2018. “The (Neo)Tribal Nature of Grindr.” In Neo-Tribes: Consumption, Leisure and Tourism, ed. Anne Hardy, Andy Bennette, and Brady Robards, 235251. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Danisi, Carmelo, Moira Dustin, Nuno Ferreira, and Nina Held. 2021. Queering Asylum in Europe: Legal and Social Experiences of Seeking International Protection on grounds of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity. Cham: Springer.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • DasGupta, Debanuj, and Rohit K. Dasgupta. 2018. “Being Out of Place: Non-Belonging and Queer Racialization in the UK.” Emotion, Space and Society 27: 31–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emospa.2018.02.008.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Decena, Carlos Ulises. 2011. Tacit Subjects: Belonging and Same-Sex Desire among Dominican Immigrant Men. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Delany, Samuel R. 1999. Times Square Red, Times Square Blue. New York: New York University Press.

  • Di Feliciantonio, Cesare. 2015. “The Sexual Politics of Neoliberalism and Austerity in an ‘Exceptional’ Country: Italy.ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies 14 (4): 10081031. https://acme-journal.org/index.php/acme/article/view/1104

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Di Feliciantonio, Cesare. 2019. “Inclusion in the Homonormative World City. The Case of HIV-Positive Gay Migrants in Barcelona.” Documents d'Anàlisi Geogràfica 65: 517–540. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/dag.582.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Di Feliciantonio, Cesare. 2020. “Migration as an Active Strategy to Escape the ‘Second Closet’ for HIV-Positive Gay Men in Barcelona and Rome.Social & Cultural Geography 21 (9): 11771196. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2018.1541248

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Di Feliciantonio, Cesare. 2022. “Gay Men Living with HIV in England and Italy in Times of Undetectability: A Life Course Perspective.” In Mapping LGBTQ Spaces and Places, ed. Marianne Blidon and Stanley D. Brunn, 235246. Cham: Springer.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Di Feliciantonio, Cesare. 2023. “Here, There, Everywhere: The Relational Geographies of Chemsex.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 48 (4): 703717. DOI: 10.1111/tran.12603.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Di Feliciantonio, Cesare, and Gavin Brown. 2023. “Chemsex at Home: Homonormative Aspirations and the Blurring of the Private/Public Space Divide.” Geoforum 147, 103879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2023.103879.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Dowsett, Gary. 1996. Practicing Desire: Homosexual Sex in the Era of AIDS. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

  • Dustin, Moira. 2018. “Op-Ed: Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Asylum in the UK: Is ‘Discretion’ Ever a Choice?European Council on Refugees and Exiles, 17 May. https://ecre.org/op-ed-sexual-orientation-gender-identity-and-asylum-in-the-uk-is-discretion-ever-a-choice/ (accessed 2 November 2022).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Foucault, Michel. 1977. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Pantheon.

  • Giametta, Calogero, and Shira Havkin. 2021. “Mapping Homo/Transphobia: The Valorization of the LGBT Protection Category in the Refugee-Granting System.ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies 20 (1): 99119. https://acme-journal.org/index.php/acme/article/view/1929

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Goldhill, Simon. 2016. A Very Queer Family Indeed: Sex, Religion, and the Bensons in Victorian Britain. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gorman-Murray, Andrew. 2017. “Que(e)rying Homonormativity: The Everyday Politics of Lesbian and Gay Homemaking.” In Sexuality and Gender at Home, ed. Brent Pilkey, Rachael M. Scicluna, Ben Campkin, and Barbara Penner, 149162. London: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gray, Amanda, and Alexandra McDowall. 2013. “LGBT Refugee Protection in the UK: From Discretion to Belief?Forced Migration Review 42: 2225.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Handel, Mark J., and Irina Shklovski. 2012. Disclosure, Ambiguity and Risk Reduction in Real-Time Dating Sites. Proceedings of the 17th ACM international conference on supporting group work, pp 175178.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Humphreys, Laud. 1970. Tearoom Trade: Impersonal Sex in Public Places. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company.

  • Khan, Shivananda, and Omar A. Khan. 2006. “The Trouble with MSM.American Journal of Public Health 96 (5): 765766. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2005.084665

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kolinsky, Heather. 2016. “The Shibboleth of Discretion: The Discretion, Identity, and Persecution Paradigm in American and Australian LGBT Asylum Claims.” Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law and Justice 31: 206240.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • McCune Jr, Jeffrey Q. 2014. Sexual Discretion: Black Masculinity and the Politics of Passing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  • Mearns, Graeme W. 2020. “Queer Geographies of Spatial Media.” Geography Compass 14 (3): e12481. https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12481.

  • Monahan, Martin. 2019. “‘Tory-Normativity’ and Gay Rights Advocacy in the British Conservative Party since the 1950s.The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 21 (1): 132147. https://doi.org/10.1177/1369148118815407

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mowlabocus, Sharif. 2021. Interrogating Homonormativity: Gay Men, Identity and Everyday Life. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

  • Oxford English Dictionary. 2023. “discreet (adj.).” July . https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/7416231628.

  • Oxford English Dictionary. 2023. “discretion (n.).” September. https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/4677240957.

  • Parker, Richard, Peter Aggleton, and Amaya G. Perez-Brumer. 2016. “The Trouble with ‘Categories’: Rethinking Men Who Have Sex with Men, Transgender and Their Equivalents in HIV Prevention and Health Promotion.” Global Public Health 11 (7–8): 819–823. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2016.1185138.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Race, Kane. 2015. “Speculative Pragmatism and Intimate Arrangements: Online Hook-Up Devices in Gay Life.Culture, Health & Sexuality 17 (4): 496511. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2014.930181

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Race, Kane. 2018. The Gay Science: Intimate Experiments with the Problem of HIV. London: Routledge.

  • Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky. 1990. Epistemology of the Closet. Berkeley: University of California Press.

  • Seidman, Steven. 2004. Beyond the Closet: The Transformation of Gay and Lesbian Life. London: Routledge.

  • Spieldenner, Andrew. 2016. “PrEP Whores and HIV Prevention: The Queer Communication of HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP).Journal of Homosexuality 63 (12): 16851697. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2016.1158012

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Tucker, Andrew. 2009. Queer Visibilities: Space, Identity and Interaction in Cape Town. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell.

  • Young, Rebecca M., and Ilan H. Meyer. 2005. “The Trouble with ‘MSM’ and ‘WSW’: Erasure of the Sexual-Minority Person in Public Health Discourse.American Journal of Public Health 95 (7): 11441149. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2004.046714

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Zeglin, Robert J. 2019. “The MSM (Non) Identity: Toward Understanding Sexual Behavior and Identity in Health Research and Practice with Straight Men Under the Umbrella.” Sexuality Research and Social Policy 17: 343–352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-019-00398-w.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

Metrics

All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 464 464 64
Full Text Views 172 172 47
PDF Downloads 25 25 0