Enacting Moving Images

Film Theory and Experimental Science within a New Cognitive Media Theory

in Projections
Author:
Joerg Fingerhut University of Munich, Germany joerg.fingerhut@hu-berlin.de

Search for other papers by Joerg Fingerhut in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9021-9617
and
Katrin Heimann Aarhus University, Denmark katrinheimann@cas.au.dk

Search for other papers by Katrin Heimann in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6524-7408
Restricted access

Abstract

This article highlights ways to relate psychology, neuroscience, and film theory that are underrepresented in the current debate and that could contribute to a new cognitive media theory. First, we outline how neuroscientific approaches to moving images could be embedded in the embodied, enactive cognition framework and recent predictive processing theories of the brain. Within this framework, we understand filmic engagement as a specific way of worldmaking, which is co-constituted by formal elements such as framing, camerawork, and editing. Second, we address experimental progress. Here we weigh the promises and perils of neuroscientific studies by discussing the motor neuron account to camera movements as an example. Based on the limitations we identify, we advocate for a multi-method study of film experience that brings cognitive science into dialogue with philosophical accounts and qualitative in-depth explorations of subjective experience.

Contributor Notes

Joerg Fingerhut is currently Professor for Philosophy of Mind at the University of Munich (LMU). He is also research group leader at the Berlin School of Mind and Brain/Department of Philosophy at Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. He holds a PhD in philosophy and works in an empirically engaged way on cultural artifacts (such as architecture, film, visual art) and the models of the world they embody. Email: joerg.fingerhut@hu-berlin.de https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9021-9617

Katrin Heimann is a postdoc at the Interacting Minds Centre at Aarhus University and a researcher at the Max-Planck-Institute of Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt. She is educated in philosophy (MA) and in cognitive neuroscience (MSc and PhD), and after years of neuroscientific praxis has specialized in experimental approaches to explore subjective experiences, such as micro-phenomenology. Email: katrinheimann@cas.au.dk https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6524-7408.

  • Collapse
  • Expand

Projections

The Journal for Movies and Mind

  • Aliko, Sarah, Jiawen Huang, Florin Gheorghiu, Stefanie Meliss, and Jeremy I. Skipper. 2020. “A Naturalistic Neuroimaging Database for Understanding the Brain Using Ecological Stimuli.” Scientific Data 7 (347). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-00680-2.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bálint, Katalin E., and Brendan Rooney. 2019. “Narrative Sequence Position of Close-Ups Influences Cognitive and Affective Processing and Facilitates Theory of Mind.” Art & Perception 7 (1): 2751. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134913-20191095.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bordwell, David. 2020a. “Brains, Bodies, and Movies: Ways of Thinking about the Psychology of Cinema.” Observations on Film Art, 29 April. http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/2020/04/29/brains-bodies-and-movies-ways-of-thinking-about-the-psychology-of-cinema/.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bordwell, David. 2020b. “Can the Science of Mirror Neurons Explain the Power of Camera Movement? A Guest Post by Malcolm Turvey.” Observations on Film Art, 3 May. http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/2020/05/03/can-the-science-of-mirror-neurons-explain-the-power-of-camera-movement-a-guest-post-by-malcolm-turvey/.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bordwell, Davin, and Noël Carroll, eds. 1996. Post-Theory: Reconstructing Film Studies. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.

  • Brody, Richard. 2014. “A Documentary Set Entirely Within the Capsule of a Cable Car.” The New Yorker, 16 April. https://www.newyorker.com/culture/richard-brody/a-documentary-set-entirely-within-the-capsule-of-a-cable-car.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Caggiano, Vittorio, Leonardo Fogassi, Giacomo Rizzolatti, Joern K. Pomper, Peter Thier, Martin A. Giese, and Antonino Casile. 2011. “View-Based Encoding of Actions in Mirror Neurons of Area F5 in Macaque Premotor Cortex.” Current Biology 21 (2): 144148. https://doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.cub.2010.12.022.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Calbi, Marta, Francesca Siri, Katrin Heimann, Daniel Barratt, Vittorio Gallese, Anna Kolesnikov, and Maria A. Umiltà. 2019. “How Context Influences the Interpretation of Facial Expressions: A Source Localization High-Density EEG Study on the ‘Kuleshov Effect’.” Scientific Reports 9 (1): 116. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37786-y

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Carroll, Noël, Laura T. Di Summa, and Shawn Loht, eds. 2019. The Palgrave Handbook of the Philosophy of Film and Motion Pictures. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Carroll, Noël, and William P. Seeley. 2013. “Cognitivism, Psychology, and Neuroscience: Movies as Attentional Engines.” In Psychocinematics: Exploring Cognition at the Movies, ed. Arthur P. Shimamura, 5375. New York: Oxford University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Clark, Andy. 2015. “Radical Predictive Processing.” The Southern Journal of Philosophy 53 (1): 327. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjp.12120

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Clark, Andy. 2016. Surfing Uncertainty: Prediction, Action, and the Embodied Mind. New York: Oxford University Press.

  • Constant, Axel, Alexander Daniel Dunsmoir Tschantz, Beren Millidge, Felipe Criado-Boado, Luis M. Martinez, Johannes Müller, and Andy Clark. “The Acquisition of Culturally Patterned Attention Styles under Active Inference.” 2021. Frontiers in Neurorobotics 15: 113. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbot.2021.72.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Dennett, Daniel. 2003. “Who's On First? Heterophenomenology Explained.” Journal of Consciousness Studies 10 (9–10): 1930.

  • Fingerhut, Joerg. 2018. “Enactive Aesthetics and Neuroaesthetics.” Phenomenology and Mind 14: 8097. https://doi.org/10.13128/Phe_Mi-23627.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Fingerhut, Joerg. 2020. “Twofoldness in Moving Images: The Philosophy and Neuroscience of Filmic Experience.” Projections 14 (3): 120. https://doi.org/10.3167/proj.2020.140302.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Fingerhut, Joerg. 2021. “Enacting Media. An Embodied Account of Enculturation Between Neuromediality and New Cognitive Media Theory.” Frontiers in Psychology 12 (635993). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.635993.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Fingerhut, Joerg. Forthcoming. “The Mediated Brain: A Case Study.” In Worlding the Brain, eds. Flora Lysen, and Stephan Besser. Leiden: Brill.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Fingerhut, Joerg, and Katrin Heimann. 2017. “Movies and the Mind: On Our Filmic Body.” In Embodiment, Enaction, and Culture: Investigating the Constitution of the Shared World, eds. Christoph Durt, Thomas Fuchs, and Christian Tewes, 353377. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Fingerhut, Joerg, Karen Grøn, and Katrin Heimann. In prep. “Choosing Your Favorite Artwork. A Micro-Phenomenological Study at the Trapholt Art Museum.”

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Friston, Karl. 2010. “The Free-Energy Principle: A Unified Brain Theory?Nature Reviews. Neuroscience 11 (2): 127138. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2787.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gallagher, Shaun. 2005. How the Body Shapes the Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Gallagher, Shaun. 2017. Enactivist Interventions: Rethinking the Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Gallese, Vittorio, and Michele Guerra, ed. 2020. The Empathic Screen: Cinema and Neuroscience. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Gibson, James J. 1979. The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company.

  • Hasson, Uri, Ohad Landesman, Barbara Knappmeyer, Igancio Vallines, Nava Rubin, and David Heeger. 2008. “Neurocinematics: The Neuroscience of Film.” Projections 2 (1): 126. https://doi.org/10.3167/proj.2008.020102

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Heimann, Katrin, Federica Cavaletti, Joerg Fingerhut, Mikk Grins, Andreas Steenfat, Christian Suhr. In prep. “The Experience of the Long Take in Ethnographic Film. An Empirical Study.”

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Heimann, Katrin, and Andreas Roepstorff. 2018. “How Playfulness Motivates—Putative Looping Effects of Autonomy and Surprise Revealed by Micro-Phenomenological Investigations.” Frontiers in Psychology 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01704.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Heimann, Katrin, Sebo Uithol, Marta Calbi, Maria A. Umiltà, Michele Guerra, Joerg Fingerhut, and Vittorio Gallese. 2017. “‘Cuts in Action’: A High Density EEG Study Investigating the Neural Correlates of Different Editing Techniques in Film”. Cognitive Science 41 (6): 15551588. https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12439

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Heimann, Katrin, Sebo Uithol, Marta Calbi, Maria A. Umiltà, Michele Guerra, Joerg Fingerhut, and Vittorio Gallese. 2019. “Embodying the Camera: An EEG Study on the Effect of Camera Movements on Film Spectators’ Sensorimotor Cortex Activation.” PLOS ONE 14 (3). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211026.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Heimann, Katrin, Maria A. Umiltà, Michele Guerra, and Vittorio Gallese. 2014. “Moving Mirrors: A High-Density EEG Study Investigating the Effect of Camera Movements on Motor Cortex Activation During Action Observation.” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 26 (9): 20872101. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00602

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ildirar, Sermin, and Louise Ewing. 2018. “Revisiting the Kuleshov Effect with first-time viewers.” Projections, 12 (1): 1938. https://doi.org/10.3167/proj.2018.120103.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ildirar, Sermin, and Stephan Schwan. 2015. “First-time viewers’ comprehension of films: Bridging shot transitions.” British Journal of Psychology, 106 (1): 133151. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12069.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Isik, Ayse I., and Edward A. Vessel. 2019. “Continuous Ratings of Movie Watching Reveal Idiosyncratic Dynamics of Aesthetic Enjoyment.” PLOS ONE 14 (10). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223896.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kaipainen, Mauri, Niklas Ravaja, Pia Tikka, Rasmus Vuori, Roberto Pugliese, Marco Rapino, and Tapio Takala. 2011. “Enactive Systems and Enactive Media: Embodied Human-Machine Coupling Beyond Interfaces.” Leonardo 44 (5): 433438. doi: https://doi.org/10.1162/LEON_a_00244.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kauttonen, Jeanne, Yevhen Hlushchuk, and Pia Tikka. 2015. “Optimizing Methods for Linking Cinematic Features to fMRI Data.” NeuroImage, 110: 136148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.01.063.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kukkonen, Karin. 2020. “The Cognitive Work of Form”. In Probability Designs, ed. Karin Kukkonen, 178192. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Münsterberg, Hugo. 1916. The Photoplay: A Psychological Study. New York: D. Appleton and Company.

  • Nannicelli, Ted, and Paul Taberham, eds. 2014. Cognitive Media Theory. New York: Routledge.

  • Newen, Albert, Leon De Bruin, and Shaun Gallagher, ed. 2018. The Oxford Handbook of 4E Cognition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • O'Regan, J. Kevin, and Alva Noë. 2001. “A Sensorimotor Account of Vision and Visual Consciousness.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24 (5): 93973. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X01000115

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Pappas, Marios A., and Athanasios S. Drigas. 2019. “Computerized Training for Neuroplasticity and Cognitive Improvement”. International Journal of Engineering Pedagogy (iJEP) 9 (4): 5062. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijep.v9i4.10285

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Pauen, Michael, and John-Dylan Haynes. 2021. “Measuring the Mental.” Consciousness and Cognition 90: 103106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2021.103106.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Pearlman, Karen. 2012. Cutting Rhythms: Shaping the Film Edit. New York: Routledge.

  • Petitmengin, Claire. 2006. “Describing One's Subjective Experience in the Second Person: An Interview Method for the Science of Consciousness.” Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 5 (3–4): 229269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-006-9022-2.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Petitot, Jean, Francisco J. Varela, Bernard Pachoud, and Jean-Michael Roy, eds. 1999. Naturalizing Phenomenology: Issues in Contemporary Phenomenology and Cognitive Science. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Seeley, William P. 2020. Attentional Engines: A Perceptual Theory of the Arts. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Slugan, Mario. 2020. “Film Studies and the Experimental Method.” NECSUS_European Journal of Media Studies 9 (2). https://doi.org/10.25969/MEDIAREP/15317.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Smith, Tim J., and Parag K. Mital. 2013. “Attentional Synchrony and the Influence of Viewing Task on Gaze Behavior in Static and Dynamic Scenes.” Journal of Vision 13 (8). https://doi.org/10.1167/13.8.16.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Tan, Ed S. 2018. “A Psychology of the Film.” Palgrave Communications 4 (1): 120. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0111-y

  • Terrone, Enrico. 2018. Why to Watch a Film Twice. In The Pleasure of Pictures, ed. Jérôme Pelletier, and Alberto Voltolini, 225246. New York: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Thompson, Evan. 2007. Mind in Life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

  • Turvey, Malcom. 2020. “Mirror Neurons and Film Studies: A Cautionary Tale from a Serious Pessimist.” Projections 14 (3): 2146. https://doi.org/10.3167/proj.2020.140303

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Van de Cruys, Sander, and Johan Wagemans, J. 2011. “Putting Reward in Art: A Tentative Prediction Error Account of Visual Art.” I-Perception 2 (9): 10351062. https://doi.org/10.1068/i0466aap

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Zahavi, Dan. 2007. “Killing the Straw Man: Dennett and Phenomenology.” Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 6 (1–2): 2143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-006-9038-7.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

Metrics

All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 869 394 48
Full Text Views 155 33 2
PDF Downloads 189 47 3