The Master of Surprise

Alfred Hitchcock and Premise Uncertainty

in Projections
Author:
Maria Belodubrovskaya Department of Cinema and Media Studies, University of Chicago, Chicago mbelodubrovskaya@uchicago.edu

Search for other papers by Maria Belodubrovskaya in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
Restricted access

Abstract

This article challenges the moniker “the master of suspense” as applied to Alfred Hitchcock. I show that Hitchcock's guiding principle was often not suspense but surprise. The penchant to surprise explains why Hitchcock utilized the surprise plot, as well as why he is often considered a deeply conflicted artist. In addition to standard surprise and suspense, which generate little uncertainty for the audience, Hitchcock developed parallel versions of these structures that incorporated premise uncertainty and allowed telling two stories at once. Double plots, which I term overt, structure some of Hitchcock's most sophisticated works, such as Notorious and Suspicion. The distinction between standard and overt surprise and suspense helps us better understand both Hitchcock's mastery and his enduring relevance for all narrative media today.

Contributor Notes

Maria Belodubrovskaya is associate professor in the Department of Cinema and Media Studies at the University of Chicago. She is the author of Not According to Plan: Filmmaking under Stalin (Cornell University Press, 2017) and has published articles on film aesthetics, history, theory in Cinema Journal, Film History, Projections, Slavic Review, Studies in Russian and Soviet Cinema, KinoKultura, and several edited volumes. Email: mbelodubrovskaya@uchicago.edu

  • Collapse
  • Expand

Projections

The Journal for Movies and Mind

  • Allen, Richard. 1999. “Hitchcock, or the Pleasures of Metaskepticism.” In Alfred Hitchcock: Centenary Essays, edited by Richard Allen and S. Ishii Gonzales, 221237. London: BFI.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Allen, Richard. 2001. “The Lodger and the Origins of Hitchcock's Aesthetic.” Hitchcock Annual 10: 3878.

  • Allen, Richard. 2007. Hitchcock's Romantic Irony. New York: Columbia University Press.

  • Anderson, Lindsay. 1972. “Alfred Hitchcock.” In Focus on Hitchcock, edited by Albert J. LaValley, 4859. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Auiler, Dan. 1998. Vertigo: The Making of a Hitchcock Classic. New York: St. Martin's Press.

  • Auiler, Dan. 1999. Hitchcock's Notebooks: An Authorized and Illustrated Look Inside the Creative Mind of Alfred Hitchcock. New York: Spike.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Barr, Charles. 1999. English Hitchcock. Moffat, UK: Cameron & Hollis.

  • Barr, Charles. 2012. Vertigo. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

  • Bellour, Raymond. 1999. “Hitchcock—Endgame.” In Alfred Hitchcock: Centenary Essays, edited by Richard Allen and S. Ishii Gonzales, 180184. London: BFI.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bogdanovich, Peter. 1998. Who the Devil Made It. New York: Ballantine Books.

  • Bordwell, David. 1985. Narration in the Fiction Film. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

  • Bordwell, David. 2013. “Hitchcock, Lessing, and the Bomb under the Table.” Observations on Film Art (blog). November 29, 2013. http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/2013/11/29/hitchcock-lessing-and-the-bomb-under-the-table/ (accessed January 1, 2022).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Brütsch, Matthias. 2015. “Irony, Retroactivity, and Ambiguity: Three Kinds of ‘Unreliable Narration’ in Literature and Film.” In Unreliable Narration and Trustworthiness: Intermedial and Interdisciplinary Perspectives, edited by Vera Nünning, 221244. Boston: De Gruyter.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Campion, Nicolas, Daniel Martins, and Alice Wilhelm. 2009. “Contradictions and Predictions: Two Sources of Uncertainty That Raise the Cognitive Interest of Readers.” Discourse Processes 46 (4): 341368.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Carroll, Noël. 1996. Theorizing the Moving Image. New York: Cambridge University Press.

  • Cupchik, Gerald C. 1996. “Suspense and Disorientation: Two Poles of Emotionally Charged Literary Uncertainty.” In Suspense: Conceptualizations, Theoretical Analyses, and Empirical Explorations, edited by Peter Vorderer, Hans Jurgen Wulff, and Mike Friedrichsen, 189198. Mahwah, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Domarchi, Jean, and Jean Douchet. 1993. “An Interview with Alfred Hitchcock.” In North by Northwest: Alfred Hitchcock, Director, edited by James Naremore, 175190. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hitchcock, Alfred. 1947. “The Quality of Suspense.” In Alfred Hitchcock's Fireside Book of Suspense. New York: Simon and Schuster.

  • Kapsis, Robert E. 1992. Hitchcock: The Making of a Reputation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  • Keating, Patrick. 2006. “Emotional Curves and Linear Narratives.” The Velvet Light Trap 58: 415. https://doi.org/10.1353/vlt.2006.0029.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Knight, Deborah, and George McKnight. 1999. “Suspense and Its Master.” In Alfred Hitchcock: Centenary Essays, edited by Richard Allen and S. Ishii Gonzales, 106121. London: BFI.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Krohn, Bill. 2002/2003Ambivalence (Suspicion).” Hitchcock Annual 11: 67116.

  • Lavik, Erlend. 2006. “Narrative Structure in The Sixth Sense: A New Twist in ‘Twist Movies’?Velvet Light Trap 58: 5564, https://doi.org/10.1353/vlt.2006.0031.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Miller, Henry K. 2022. The First True Hitchcock: The Making of a Filmmaker. Oakland: University of California Press.

  • Modleski, Tania. 2011. “Suspicion: Collusion and Resistance in the Work of Hitchcock's Female Collaborators.” In A Companion to Alfred Hitchcock, edited by Thomas Leitch and Leland Poague, 162180. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Phelan, James. 2007. Experiencing Fiction: Judgments, Progressions, and the Rhetorical Theory of Narrative. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Pressler, Michael. 2004. “Hitchcock's Suspicion: Reading between the Lines.” Studies in the Humanities 31 (1): 99104.

  • Smith, Susan. 1999. “Disruption, Destruction, Denial: Hitchcock as Saboteur.” In Alfred Hitchcock: Centenary Essays, edited by Richard Allen and S. Ishii Gonzales, 4557. London: BFI.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Smith, Susan. 2000. Hitchcock: Suspense, Humour, and Tone. London: BFI.

  • Stam, Robert, and Roberta Pearson. 2009. “Hitchcock's Rear Window: Reflexivity and the Critique of Voyeurism.” In A Hitchcock Reader, edited by Marshall Deutelbaum and Leland Poague, 199211. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sternberg, Meir. 1992. “Telling in Time (II): Chronology, Teleology, Narrativity.” Poetics Today 13 (3): 463541. https://doi.org/10.2307/1772872

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Tan, Ed S. 1996. Emotion and the Structure of Narrative Film: Film as an Emotion Machine. Mahwah, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates.

  • Tan, Ed, and Gijsbert Diteweg. 1996. “Suspense, Predictive Inference, and Emotion in Film Viewing.” In Suspense: Conceptualizations, Theoretical Analyses, and Empirical Explorations, eds. Peter Vorderer, Hans Jurgen Wulff, and Mike Friedrichsen, 149188. Mahwah, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Thompson, Kristin. 1988. “Duplicitous Narration and Stage Fright.” Breaking the Glass Armor: Neoformalist Film Analysis, 135161. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Tobin, Vera. 2018. Elements of Surprise: Our Mental Limits and the Satisfactions of Plot. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

  • Truffaut, François, Alfred Hitchcock, and Helen G. Scott. 1984. Hitchcock. Rev. edited by New York: Simon and Schuster.

  • Turvey, Malcolm. 2010. “Hitchcock, Unreliable Narration, and the Stalker Film.” Hitchcock Annual 16: 153177.

  • Vogt, Robert. 2015. “Combining Possible-Worlds Theory and Cognitive Theory: Towards an Explanatory Model for Ironic-Unreliable Narration, Ironic-Unreliable Focalization, Ambiguous-Unreliable and Alterated-Unreliable Narration in Literary Fiction.” In Unreliable Narration and Trustworthiness: Intermedial and Interdisciplinary Perspectives, edited by Vera Nünning, 131153. Boston: De Gruyter.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Walker, Michael. 1999. “The Stolen Raincoat and the Bloodstained Dress: Young and Innocent and Stage Fright.” In Alfred Hitchcock: Centenary Essays, eds. Richard Allen and S. Ishii Gonzales, 187203. London: BFI.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Wood, Robin. 2002. Hitchcock's Films Revisited. New York: Columbia University Press.

  • Worland, Rick. 2002. “Before and After the Fact: Writing and Reading Hitchcock's Suspicion.” Cinema Journal 41 (4): 326.

  • Yacowar, Maurice. 2009. “Hitchcock's Imagery and Art.” In A Hitchcock Reader, edited by Marshall Deutelbaum and Leland Poague, 2534. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Yanal, Robert J. 2002. “The End of Suspicion: Hitchcock, Descartes, and Joan Fontaine.” In Film and Knowledge: Essays on the Integration of Images and Ideas, edited by Kevin L. Stoehr, 5066. Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Co.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Zerweck, Bruno. 2001. “Historicizing Unreliable Narration: Unreliability and Cultural Discourse in Narrative Fiction.” Style 35 (1): 151178.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Zillmann, Dolf. 1996. “The Psychology of Suspense in Dramatic Exposition.” In Suspense: Conceptualizations, Theoretical Analyses, and Empirical Explorations, edited by Peter Vorderer, Hans Jurgen Wulff, and Mike Friedrichsen, 199231. Mahwah, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

Metrics

All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 1136 474 24
Full Text Views 100 27 2
PDF Downloads 143 43 5