Post-war Blood

Sacrifice, Anti-sacrifice, and the Rearticulations of Conflict in Sri Lanka

in Religion and Society
Author:
Neena Mahadev Yale-NUS College neena.mahadev@yale-nus.edu.sg

Search for other papers by Neena Mahadev in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
Restricted access

Abstract

Since 2009, in the aftermath of Sri Lanka's ethnic war, certain contingents of Sinhala Buddhists have lodged attacks against religious minorities, whom they censure for committing violence against animals in accordance with the dictates of their gods. Considering these interventions against sacrifice in spaces of shared Hindu and Buddhist religiosity, this article examines the economies of derogation, violence, and scapegoating in post-war Sri Lanka. Within Sinhala Buddhism, sacrifice is considered bio-morally impure yet politically efficacious, whereas meritorious Buddhist discipleship is sacrificial only in aspirational, bloodless terms. Nevertheless, both practices fall within the spectrum of Sinhala Buddhist religious life. Majoritarian imperatives concerning post-war blood impinge upon marginal sites of shared religiosity—spaces where the blood of animals is spilled and, ironically, where political potency can be substantively shored up. The article examines the siting of sacrifice and the purifying majoritarian interventions against it, as Buddhists strive to assert sovereignty over religious others.

Contributor Notes

NEENA MAHADEV is an Assistant Professor of Anthropology and the Social Sciences at Yale-NUS College. She received her PhD from Johns Hopkins University and has held Postdoctoral Fellowships at the Max Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity and at the University of Göttingen. Her research focuses on rivalries over religious conversion between Buddhists and Christians in South and Southeast Asia, and how these tensions generate innovation in religious politics and practice. Her work appears in Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Current Anthropology, and HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory. She is completing a book manuscript entitled “Of Karma and Grace: Conversion, Conflict, and the Politics of Belonging in Millennial Sri Lanka.” E-mail neena.mahadev@yale-nus.edu.sg

  • Collapse
  • Expand

Religion and Society

Advances in Research

  • Abeysekara, Ananda. 2002. Colors of the Robe: Religion, Identity, and Difference. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.

  • Abeysekara, Ananda. 2019. “Protestant Buddhism and ‘Influence’: The Temporality of a Concept.” Qui Parle 28 (1): 175.

  • Alter, Joseph S.. 1996. “Gandhi's Body, Gandhi's Truth: Nonviolence and the Biomoral Imperative in Public Health.” Journal of Asian Studies 55 (2): 301322.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ambos, Eva. 2011. “The Obsolescence of the Demons? Modernity and Possession in Sri Lanka.” in Health and Religious Rituals in South Asia: Disease, Possession and Healing, ed. Fabrizio M. Ferrari, 199212. New York: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Arumugam, Indira. 2015. “‘The Old Gods Are Losing Power!’: Theologies of Power and Rituals of Productivity in a Tamil Nadu Village.” Modern Asian Studies 49 (3): 753786.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Asad, Talal. 2003. Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

  • Bastin, Rohan. 2002. The Domain of Constant Excess: Plural Worship at the Munnesvaram Temples in Sri Lanka. New York: Berghahn Books.

  • BBC News. 2013a. “Sri Lanka Buddhist Monk Dies after Self-Immolation.” 26 May. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-22677058.

  • BBC News. 2013b. “Sri Lanka Inquiry into Buddhist Monk's Self-Immolation.” 27 May. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-22681763.

  • Blackburn, Anne M. 2010. Locations of Buddhism: Colonialism and Modernity in Sri Lanka. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  • Blanes, Ruy Llera. 2014. “Time for Self-Sacrifice: Temporal Narratives, Politics and Ideals in African Prophetism.” Ethnos 79 (3): 406429.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bynum, Caroline Walker. 2007. “The Power in the Blood: Sacrifice, Satisfaction, and Substitution in Late Medieval Soteriology.” In The Redemption: An Interdisciplinary Symposium on Christ as Redeemer, ed. Stephen T. Davis, Daniel Kendall, and Gerald O'Collins, 177204. New York: Oxford University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Candea, Matei, and Giovanni da Col. 2012. “The Return to Hospitality.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 18 (S1): S1S19.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Copeman, Jacob. 2009. Veins of Devotion: Blood Donation and Religious Experience in North India. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Daily Mirror. 2013. “It's Self-Sacrifice.” 26 May. http://www.dailymirror.lk/29958/its-self-.

  • Egge, James R. (2002) 2013. Religious Giving and the Invention of Karma in Theravāda Buddhism. New York: Routledge.

  • Findly, Ellison Banks. 2003. Dāna: Giving and Getting in Pali Buddhism. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.

  • Gajaweera, R. Nalika. 2013. “Situated Humanitarianism: Doing Good in the Aftermath of Disaster in Sri Lanka.” PhD diss., University of California, Irvine.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Germano, David, and Kevin Trainor, eds. 2004. Embodying the Dharma: Buddhist Relic Veneration in Asia. Albany: State University of New York Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ghassem-Fachandi, Parvis. 2012. Pogrom in Gujarat: Hindu Nationalism and Anti-Muslim Violence in India. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Girard, René. 1977. Violence and the Sacred. Trans. Patrick Gregory. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Originally published in 1972 as La violence et le sacré.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Girard, René, Pierpaolo Antonello, and João Cezar de Castro Rocha. 2008. Conversion and Evolution: Dialogues on the Origins of Culture. London: Bloomsbury Academic.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gombrich, Richard, and Gananath Obeyesekere. 1988. Buddhism Transformed: Religious Change in Sri Lanka. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Goodhand, Jonathan, Jonathan Spencer, and Benedikt Korf, eds. 2011. Conflict and Peacebuilding in Sri Lanka: Caught in the Peace Trap? New York: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Haniffa, Farzana. 2015. Anti-Muslim Sentiment in Sri Lanka: Hate Incidents of 2014. Report compiled by the Secretariat for Muslims, University of Colombo. https://cmb.academia.edu/FarzanaHaniffa.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Heesterman, J. C. 1964. “Brahmin, Ritual and Renouncer.” Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens 8: 131.

  • Heim, Maria. 2004. Theories of the Gift in South Asia: Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain Reflections on Dāna. New York: Routledge.

  • Holt, John C.. 1991. “Protestant Buddhism?Religious Studies Review 17 (4): 307312.

  • Holt, John C.., ed. 2016. Buddhist Extremists and Muslim Minorities: Religious Conflict in Contemporary Sri Lanka. New York: Oxford University Press.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hubert, Henri, and Marcel Mauss. (1898) 1964. Sacrifice: Its Nature and Function. Trans. W. D. Halls. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kapferer, Bruce. (1983) 1991. A Celebration of Demons: Exorcism and the Aesthetics of Healing in Sri Lanka. London: Berg.

  • Kapferer, Bruce. (1988) 2011. Legends of People, Myths of State: Violence, Intolerance, and Political Culture in Sri Lanka and Australia. New York: Berghahn Books.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kapferer, Bruce, and Roshan de Silva Wijeyeratne. 2012. “Post-war Realities in Sri Lanka: From the Crime of War to the Crime of Peace in Sri Lanka?” In Contesting the State: The Dynamics of Resistance and Control, ed. Angela Hobart and Bruce Kapferer, 147160. Wanage: Sean Kingston Publishing.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Keane, Webb. 2007. Christian Moderns: Freedom and Fetish in the Mission Encounter. Berkeley: University of California Press.

  • Keane, Webb. 2015. “What Is Religious Freedom Supposed to Free?” In Sullivan et al., 2015, 5765.

  • Laidlaw, James. 1995. Riches and Renunciation: Religion, Economy, and Society among the Jains. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

  • Mahadev, Neena. 2013. “Buddhist Nationalism and Christian Evangelism: Rearticulations of Conflict and Belonging in Postwar Sri Lanka.” PhD diss., Johns Hopkins University.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mahadev, Neena. 2016. “The Maverick Dialogics of Religious Rivalry in Sri Lanka: Inspiration and Contestation in a New Messianic Buddhist Movement.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 22 (1): 127147.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mahadev, Neena. 2018. “Economies of Conversion and Ontologies of Religious Difference: Buddhism, Christianity, and Adversarial Political Perception in Sri Lanka.” Current Anthropology 59 (6): 665690.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mahadev, Neena. 2019a. “Karma and Grace: Rivalrous Reckonings of Fortune and Misfortune.” HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory 9 (2): 421438.

  • Mahadev, Neena. 2019b. “Secularism and Religious Modernity in Sri Lanka and Singapore: Trans-regional Revivalism Considered.” In The Secular in South, East, and Southeast Asia, ed. Kenneth Dean and Peter van der Veer, 287311. Basingstoke: Palgrave.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Malalgoda, Kitsiri. 1976. Buddhism in Sinhalese Society, 1750–1900: A Study of Religious Revival and Change. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Masuzawa, Tomoko. 2005. The Invention of World Religions: Or, How European Universalism Was Preserved in the Language of Pluralism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mayblin, Maya, and Magnus Course. 2014. “The Other Side of Sacrifice: Introduction.” Ethnos 79 (3): 307319.

  • Obeyesekere, Gananath. 1963. “The Great Tradition and the Little in the Perspective of Sinhalese Buddhism.” Journal of Asian Studies 22 (2): 139153.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Obeyesekere, Gananath. 1978. “The Fire-Walkers of Kataragama: The Rise of Bhakti Religiosity in Buddhist Sri Lanka.” Journal of Asian Studies 37 (3): 457476.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Obeyesekere, Gananath. 1979. “Religion and Polity in Theravada Buddhism: Continuity and Change in a Great Tradition. A Review Article.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 21 (4): 626639.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Obeyesekere, Gananath. 2003. “The Death of the Buddha: A Restorative Interpretation.” In Approaching the Dhamma: Buddhist Texts and Practices in South and Southeast Asia, ed. Anne M. Blackburn and Jeffrey Samuels, 1745. Seattle, WA: BPS Pariyatti Publishing.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Obeyesekere, Gananath. 2017. The Doomed King: A Requiem for Sri Vikrama Rajasinha. Colombo: Perera Hussein Publishers.

  • Obeyesekere, Gananath, Frank Reynolds, and Bardwell L. Smith. 1972. The Two Wheels of Dhamma: Essays on the Theravada Tradition in India and Ceylon. Chambersburg, PA: American Academy of Religion.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ortner, Sherry. 1975. “Gods’ Bodies, Gods’ Food: A Symbolic Analysis of a Sherpa Ritual.” In The Interpretation of Symbolism, ed. Roy Willis, 133169. New York: Wiley.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Parry, Jonathan. 1986. “The Gift, the Indian Gift and the ‘Indian Gift.’” Man (n.s.) 21 (3): 453473.

  • Rogers, John D. 2004. “Early British Rule and Social Classification in Lanka.” Modern Asian Studies 38 (3): 625647.

  • Scott, David. 1994. Formations of Ritual: Colonial and Anthropological Discourses on the Sinhala Yaktovil. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sheehan, Jonathan. 2009. “Sacrifice before the Secular.” Representations 105 (1): 1236.

  • Silva, Kalinga Tudor. 2016. “Gossip, Rumor, and Propaganda in Anti-Muslim Campaigns of the Bodu Bala Sena.” In Holt 2016, 119139.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Spencer, Jonathan, Jonathan Goodhand, Shahul Hasbullah, Bart Klem, Benedikt Korf, and Kalinga Tudor Silva. 2015. Checkpoint, Temple, Church and Mosque: A Collaborative Ethnography of War and Peace. London: Pluto Press.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Spiro, Melford E. 1982. Buddhism and Society: A Great Tradition and Its Burmese Vicissitudes. 2nd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sullivan, Winnifred Fallers. 2005. The Impossibility of Religious Freedom. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

  • Sullivan, Winnifred Fallers, Elizabeth Shakman Hurd, Saba Mahmood, and Peter G. Danchin, eds. 2015. The Politics of Religious Freedom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Tambiah, S. J. 1976. World Conqueror and World Renouncer: A Study of Buddhism and Polity in Thailand against a Historical Background. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

Metrics

All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 1288 347 34
Full Text Views 49 10 0
PDF Downloads 85 16 0