Assessing and Adapting Rituals That Reproduce a Collectivity

The Large-Scale Rituals of the Repkong Tantrists in Tibet

in Religion and Society
Author:
Nicolas Sihlé Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) nicolas.sihle@gmail.com

Search for other papers by Nicolas Sihlé in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
Restricted access

ABSTRACT

Tantrists, non-monastic religious specialists of Tibetan Buddhism, constitute a diffuse, non-centralized form of clergy. In an area like Repkong, where they present a high demographic density, large-scale supra-local annual ritual gatherings of tantrists are virtually synonymous with, and crucial for, their collective existence. In the largest of these rituals, the ‘elders’ meeting’ is in effect an institutionalized procedure for evaluating the ritual performance, its conditions and effects, and, if necessary, for adjusting aspects of the ritual. At a recent meeting, the ‘elders’ decided to abandon a powerful and valued but violent and problematical component of the ritual, due to its potential detrimental effects on the fabric of social relations on which the ritual depends for its continued existence. Thus, a highly scripted, ‘liturgy-centered’ ritual (per Atkinson) can be adapted to the social context. The specialists of these textual rituals demonstrate collectively an expertise that extends into the sociological dynamics surrounding the ritual.

Contributor Notes

NICOLAS SIHLE is a Researcher at the Centre for Himalayan Studies, a research unit of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS). His first book, Buddhist Rituals of Power and Violence: The Figure of the Tibetan Tantrist (2013, in French), is an ethnography of Tibetan tantrists, non-monastic specialists of tantric rituals. His current research focuses on the renowned communities of tantrists in northeast Tibet (Qinghai) and on collaborative work in the comparative anthropology of Buddhism. He recently co-edited a special issue of Religion Compass on the Buddhist gift (2015) and a special section of Religion and Society on the anthropology of Buddhism (2017). E-mail: nicolas.sihle@gmail.com

  • Collapse
  • Expand

Religion and Society

Advances in Research

  • Anderson, Benedict. 1983. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.

  • Atkinson, Jane M. 1989. The Art and Politics of Wana Shamanship. Berkeley: University of California Press.

  • Austin, J. L. 1962. How to Do Things with Words. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

  • Baumann, Gerd. 1992. “Ritual Implicates ‘Others’: Rereading Durkheim in a Plural Society.” In Understanding Rituals, ed. Daniel de Coppet, 97116. New York: Routledge.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bell, Catherine M. 1997. Ritual: Perspectives and Dimensions. New York: Oxford University Press.

  • Cantwell, Cathy, and Robert Mayer. 2002. “Note on Transliteration: ‘Not Wylie’ Conventions.” Rig ‘dzin Tshe dbang nor bu edition of the rNying ma’i rgyud ‘bum. http://www.tbrc.org/ngb/csac/NGB/Doc/NoteTransliteration.xml.html.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Dalton, Jacob P. 2011. The Taming of the Demons: Violence and Liberation in Tibetan Buddhism. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

  • Durkheim, Emile. (1912) 1995. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. Trans. Karen E. Fields. New York: Free Press.

  • Freeman, John R. 1991. “Purity and Violence: Sacred Power in the Teyyam Worship of Malabar.” PhD diss., University of Pennsylvania.

  • Germano, David, and Nicolas Tournadre. 2003. “THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription of Standard Tibetan.” Tibetan and Himalayan Library. http://www.thlib.org/reference/transliteration/#!essay=/thl/phonetics/ (accessed 18 April 2014).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Goldstein, Melvyn C. 1998. “The Revival of Monastic Life in Drepung Monastery.” In Buddhism in Contemporary Tibet: Religious Revival and Cultural Identity, ed. Melvyn C. Goldstein and Matthew T. Kapstein, 1552. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Højbjerg, Christian K. 2002. “Religious Reflexivity: Essays on Attitudes to Religious Ideas and Practice.” Social Anthropology 10 (1): 110.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Howe, Leo. 2000. “Risk, Ritual and Performance.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 6 (1): 6379.

  • Humphrey, Caroline, and James Laidlaw. 1994. The Archetypal Actions of Ritual: A Theory of Ritual Illustrated by the Jain Rite of Worship. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hyytiainen, Tiina. 2011. “Repkong Tantric Practitioners and Their Environment: Observing the Vow of Not Taking Life.” In Himalayan Nature: Representations and Reality, ed. Erika Sandman and Riika J. Virtanen, 1737. Helsinki: Societas Orientalis Fennica; WS Bookwell Oy.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Karmay, Samten G. 1998. The Arrow and the Spindle: Studies in History, Myths, Rituals and Beliefs in Tibet. Kathmandu: Mandala Book Point.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Platvoet, Jan. 1995. “Ritual in Plural and Pluralist Societies: Instruments for Analysis.” In Pluralism and Identity: Studies in Ritual Behaviour, ed. Jan Platvoet and Karel van der Toorn, 2551. Leiden: Brill.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ramble, Charles. 1984. “The Lamas of Lubra: Tibetan Bonpo Householder Priests in Western Nepal.” DPhil diss., University of Oxford.

  • Rozenberg, Guillaume. 2011. “Magie du rituel, demon de la reflexivite[The magic of ritual, the demon of reflexivity]. L’Homme 2 (198199): 277299.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Schieffelin, Edward L. 1985. “Performance and the Cultural Construction of Reality.” American Ethnologist 12 (4): 707724.

  • Sihle, Nicolas. 2009a.The Ala and Ngakpa Priestly Traditions of Nyemo (Central Tibet): Hybridity and Hierarchy.” In Buddhism Beyond the Monastery: Tantric Practices and Their Performers in Tibet and the Himalayas, ed. Sarah Jacoby and Antonio Terrone, 145162. Leiden: Brill.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sihle, Nicolas. 2009b. “Written Texts at the Juncture of the Local and the Global: Some Anthropological Considerations on a Local Corpus of Tantric Ritual Manuals (Lower Mustang, Nepal).” In Tibetan Ritual, ed. Jose Ignacio Cabezon, 3552. New York: Oxford University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sihle, Nicolas. 2013a. “Money, Butter and Religion: Remarks on Participation in the Large-Scale Collective Rituals of the Rep kong Tantrists.” In Monastic and Lay Traditions in North-Eastern Tibet, ed. Yangdon Dhondup, Ulrich Pagel, and Geoffrey Samuel, 165185. Leiden: Brill.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sihle, Nicolas. 2013b. Rituels bouddhiques de pouvoir et de violence: La figure du tantriste tibetain [Buddhist rituals of power and violence: The figure of the Tibetan tantrist]. Turnhout: Brepols.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sihle, Nicolas. 2016. “The Emergence of a New Category of Tibetan Buddhist Religious Actors: Ngakma (Female Non-monastic Tantric Practitioners) in Repkong.” Paper presented at the international workshop “Buddhism, Humanities, and Ethnographic Methods,” University of Vermont.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Stein, Rolf A. (1962) 1987. La civilisation tibétaine [Tibetan civilization]. 2nd ed. Paris: Le Sycomore/l’Asiathèque.

  • Turner, Victor W. 1968. “Religious Specialists: I. Anthropological Study.” In The International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, vol. 13, ed. David L. Sills, 437444. London: Macmillan and Free Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

Metrics

All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 679 457 112
Full Text Views 43 3 0
PDF Downloads 59 5 0