“Pseudo-Sousveillance”

(Re)imagining Immigration Narratives and Surveillance Practices by Experiencing “Use of Force”

in Screen Bodies
Author:
Kellie Marin PhD Candidate, Pennsylvania State University, USA kxm627@psu.edu

Search for other papers by Kellie Marin in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
Restricted access

Abstract

This article introduces the concept of “pseudo-sousveillance” as simulated sousveillance practices created by the sensory environments of immersive technologies. To advance this concept, I analyze the virtual reality (VR) experience “Use of Force” that immerses participants within the scene of the night during which immigrant Anastasio Hernandez Rojas was beaten by border patrol officers at the San Ysidro Port of Entry. I argue that the pseudo-sousveillance practices of cellphone recording and surveillance from above enlist users to be active participants in resisting dominant surveillance practices by constructing alternative narratives about immigrant experiences, exposing the overreach of the border patrol, and revealing the limits of surveillance in immigration control. I then discuss the implications that pseudo-sousveillance has for rethinking the rhetorical power of emerging technologies and sousveillance in a surveillant age.

Contributor Notes

Kellie Marin is a PhD Candidate in the Department of Communication Arts and Sciences at The Pennsylvania State University. Her research focuses on national security rhetorics in post-9/11 culture and the role of the citizen-subject within the security state. Email: kxm627@psu.edu

  • Collapse
  • Expand

Screen Bodies

The Journal of Embodiment, Media Arts, and Technology

  • Ainsley, Julia. 2019. “Thousands More Migrant Kids Separated from Parents under Trump than Previously Reported.NBC News, 17 January. www.nbcnews.com/politics/immigration/thousands-more-migrant-kids-separated-parents-under-trump-previously-reported-n959791.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Andén-Papadopoulos, Kari. 2014. “Citizen Camera-Witnessing: Embodied Political Dissent in the Age of ‘Mediated Mass Self-Communication.’New Media & Society 16 (5): 753769. doi:.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Andrejevic, Mark. 2006. “The Discipline of Watching: Detection, Risk, and Lateral Surveillance.Critical Studies in Media Communication 23 (5): 391407. doi:.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Andrejevic, Mark. 2011. “‘Securitainment’ in the Post-9/11 Era.Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies 25 (2): 165175. doi:.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • As/Is. 2015. “Being a Witness in Virtual Reality.” 14 January 2014. YouTube video. 4:02. www.youtube.com/watch?v=KxYfJb4jAgk&t=131s.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Aune, James Arnt. 1997. “Review Essay: The Work of Rhetoric in the Age of Digital Dissemination.Quarterly Journal of Speech 83 (2): 230242. doi:.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bajak, Aleszu. 2015. “Nonny de la Peña is Pioneering Immersive Journalism.Storybench, 3 March. https://www.storybench.org/how-nonny-de-la-pena-is-pioneering-immersive-journalism/.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Balko, Radley. 2014. “Despite Court Rulings, People Are Still Getting Arrested for Recording On-Duty Cops.Washington Post, 13 May. www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-watch/wp/2014/05/13/despite-court-rulings-people-are-still-getting-arrested-for-recording-on-duty-cops/.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Blair, Carole. 2001. “Reflections on Criticism and Bodies: Parables from Public Places.Western Journal of Communication 65 (3): 271294. doi:.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • BlueServo. n. d. “Virtual Community Watch.” www.blueservo.com/about.php, accessed on 3 March 2019.

  • Bock, Mary Angela. 2016. “Film the Police! Cop-Watching and Its Embodied Narratives.Journal of Communication 66 (1): 1334. doi:.

  • Browne, Simone. 2015. Dark Matters: On the Surveillance of Blackness. Durham: Duke University Press.

  • CBS New York. 2012. “ACLU-NJ Launches Smartphone App that Lets Users Secretly Record Police Stops.CBS New York, 3 July. https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2012/07/03/aclu-nj-launches-smartphone-app-that-lets-users-secretly-record-police-stops/.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Chávez, Karma R. 2012. “Border Interventions: The Need to Shift from a Rhetoric of Security to a Rhetoric of Militarization.” In Border Rhetorics: Citizenship and Identity on the US–Mexico Frontier, ed. D. Robert DeChaine, 4862. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Chávez, Karma R. 2013. Queer Migration Politics: Activist Rhetoric and Coalitional Possibilities. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Chávez, Rebecca Robinson. 2017. “On Militarized Borders and Militarized Citizenship.Women's Studies in Communication 40 (4): 334338. doi:.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Cannon, Lou. 1999. Official Negligence: How Rodney King and the Riots Changed Los Angeles and the LAPD. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

  • Conradis, Brandon. 2018. “Trump ICE Pick: Politicians Who Run Sanctuary Cities Should Be Charged with Crimes.The Hill, 2 January. https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/367167-trump-ice-pick-politicians-who-run-sanctuary-cities-should-be-charged.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Demo, Anne. 2019. “360-Degree Documentary: Moral Immersion and Excess Force.” Paper presented at the Symposium on Visual Rhetoric: Reframing the Public Image at the Center for Global Culture and Communication at Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, on 15 February.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Department of Justice (DOJ). 2015. “Federal Officials Close Investigation into the Death of Anastasio Hernandez-Rojas.” Department of Justice, 6 November. www.justice.gov/opa/pr/federal-officials-close-investigation-death-anastasio- hernandez-rojas.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Dickinson, Greg, and Brian Ott. 2017. “Spatial Materialities: Coproducing Imaged/Inhabited Spaces.” In Communicating the City: Meanings, Practices, Interactions, ed. Giorgia Aiello, Matteo Tarantino, and Kate Oakley, 3237. New York: Peter Lang Publishing.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Flores, Lisa A. 2014. “The Rhetorical ‘Realness’ of Race, or Why Critical Race Rhetoricians Need Performance Studies.Text and Performance Quarterly 34 (1): 9496. doi:.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hasian, Marouf Jr., and George F. McHendry Jr. 2012. “The Attempted Legitimation of the Vigilante Civil Border Patrols, the Militarization of the Mexican–US Border, and the Law of Unintended Consequences.” In Border Rhetorics: Citizenship and Identity on the US–Mexico Frontier, ed. D. Robert DeChaine, 103116. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hay, James. 2006. “Designing Homes to Be the First Line of Defense: Safe Households, Mobilization, and the New Mobile Privatization.Cultural Studies 20 (4–5): 349377. doi:.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Johnson, Adam. 2018. “The Elements of Copspeak.” Extra! The Newsletter of FAIR—The Media Watch Group 31 (2). https://fair.org/home/the-elements-of-copspeak/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kopfstein, Janus. 2016. “The Dark Side of VR: Virtual Reality Allows the Most Detailed, Intimate Digital Surveillance Yet.The Intercept, 23 December. https://theintercept.com/2016/12/23/virtual-reality-allows-the-most-detailed-intimate-digital-surveillance-yet/.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lechuga, Michael. 2017. “A Minuteman in the White House: Performing Spectacle, Mobilizing Political Affect, and Gendering Vulnerability in the United States.Women's Studies in Communication 40 (4): 325329. doi:.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lowery, Wesley. 2018. “Police Are Still Killing Black People. Why Isn't It News Anymore?Washington Post, 16 March. https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/police-are-still-killing-black-people-why-isnt-it-news-anymore/2018/03/12/df004124-22ef-11e8-badd-7c9f29a55815_story.html.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kemmerle, Karen. 2014. “‘Use of Force’ Incorporates Virtual Reality to Achieve a Unique Impact.Tribeca, 16 April. https://www.tribecafilm.com/stories/use-of-force-nonny-de-la-pena-interview-storyscapes.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mann, Steve. 2004. “‘Sousveillance’: Inverse Surveillance in Multimedia Imaging.Multimedia ’04: Proceedings of the 12th annual ACM international Conference on Multimedia: 620627. doi:.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mann, Steve, and Joseph Ferenbok. 2013. “New Media and the Power Politics of Sousveillance in a Surveillance-Dominated World.Surveillance & Society 11 (1–2): 1834. doi:.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mann, Steve, Jason Nolan, and Barry Wellman. 2003. “Sousveillance: Inventing and Using Wearable Computing Devices for Data Collection in Surveillance Environments.Surveillance & Society 1 (3): 331355. doi:.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Marin, Kellie. In-Progress. “The Securitization of Witnessing: Virtual Reality and the Atmospheres of Prosthetic Witnessing.”

  • Marx, Gary T. 2016. Windows into the Soul: Surveillance and Society in an Age of High Technology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  • Merchant, Nomaan. 2019. “5th Migrant Child Dies after Detention by US Border Agents.Associated Press, 20 May. www.apnews.com/5a49d65213b54043825acc282830b139.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Minuteman Project, n. d. “Jim Gilchrist.” http://baesic.net/minutemanproject/jim-gilchrist/, accessed 3 March 2019.

  • Morrison, Caren Myers. 2016. “Body Camera Obscura: The Semiotics of Police Video.” Georgia State University of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2016-17. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2826747.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Nash, Kate. 2017. “Virtual Reality Witness: Exploring the Ethics of Mediated Presence.Studies in Documentary Film 12 (2): 119131. doi:.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Novak, Matt. 2018. “U.S. Border Patrol Flew More Drone Missions Last Year than Ever Before.Gizmodo, 26 September. https://gizmodo.com/u-s-border-patrol-flew-more-drone-missions-last-year-t-1829323612.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Oliver, Kelly. 2001. Witnessing: Beyond Recognition. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

  • Park, Madison. 2018. “Police Shootings: Trials, Convictions Are Rare for Officers.CNN, 3 October. www.cnn.com/2017/05/18/us/police-involved-shooting-cases/index.html.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Reeves, Joshua. 2017. Citizen Spies: The Long Rise of America's Surveillance Society. New York: New York University Press.

  • Rentschler, Carrie A. 2004. “Witnessing: US Citizenship and the Vicarious Experience of Suffering.Media, Culture, & Society 26 (2): 296304. doi:.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Robertson, Kirsty. 2008. “‘Try to Walk with the Sound of My Footsteps’: The Surveillant Body in Contemporary Art.Communication Review 11 (1): 2441. doi:.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Shahshahani, Azadeh. 2018. “Government Spying on Immigrants in America Is Now Fair Game. What Next?The Guardian, 12 February. www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/feb/12/government-spying-immigrants-america.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sousa, William H., Terance D. Miethe, and Mari Sakiyama. 2015. “Body Worn Cameras on Police: Results from a National Survey of Public Attitudes.” Research in Brief 2. Las Vegas: UNLV Center for Crime and Justice Policy. www.unlv.edu/sites/default/files/page_files/27/BodyWornCameras.pdf.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Stahl, Roger. 2018. Through the Crosshairs: War, Visual Culture and the Weaponized Gaze. Newark, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

  • Stahl, Roger, and Sebastian Kaempf. 2019. “Sousveilling the ‘Global War on Terror.’Australian Journal of International Affairs 73 (4): 337356. doi:.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Toch, Hans. 2012. Cop Watch: Spectators, Social Media, and Police Reform. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

  • Towns, Armond R. 2015. “That Camera Won't Save You! The Spectacular Consumption of Police Violence.Present Tense 5 (2): 18. //www.presenttensejournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Towns.pdf.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Emblematic Group. n. d. “Use of Force.” Emblematic Group. http://emblematicgroup.com/experiences/use-of-force/, accessed on 3 March 2019.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Volpe, Joseph. 2015. “The Godmother of Virtual Reality: Nonny de la Peña.Engadget, 24 January. https://www.engadget.com/2015/01/24/the-godmother-of-virtual-reality-nonny-de-la-pena/.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Washington Post. 2015. “Full Text: Donald Trump Announces a Presidential Bid.Washington Post, 16 June. www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/06/16/full-text-donald-trump-announces-a-presidential-bid/?utm_term=.d4c611fa0c9c.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Williams, Phillip B. 2015. “The Spectacle of Black Death: Remembering Our Killed or Rekindling Their Murders?RaceBaitR, 24 November. https://racebaitr.com/2015/11/24/the-spectacle-of-black-death-remembering-our-killed-or-rekindling-their-murders/.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Woodward, Calvin, and Hope Yen. 2019. “AP Fact Check: Trump's Misleading Rhetoric on Immigrants.Associated Press, 29 April. https://apnews.com/fb21a03e4d2246b1926830e8def6e999.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Yadin, Gilad. 2017. “Virtual Reality Surveillance.Cardoza Arts & Entertainment 35 (3): 707743. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3043922

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Zagacki, Kenneth S., and Victoria J. Gallagher. 2009. “Rhetoric and Materiality in the Museum Park at the North Carolina Museum of Art.Quarterly Journal of Speech 95 (2): 171191. doi:.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Entertainment One. 2016–. Border Security: America's Front Line. USA.

  • Seven Studios. 2004–. Border Security: Australia's Front Line. Australia.

  • TVNZ 1. 2004–. Border Patrol. New Zealand.

Metrics

All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 811 401 17
Full Text Views 67 6 0
PDF Downloads 92 4 0