Origin Stories, Surveillance, and Digital Alter Egos

in Screen Bodies
Author:
Sarah Young Erasmus University, Netherlands young@eshcc.eur.nl

Search for other papers by Sarah Young in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
Restricted access

Abstract

The origin story is an important element for any superhero/villain, as it provides context for a character's seemingly out-of-this-world abilities. A radioactive spider bit Spiderman, and the Penguin was bullied in his youth. It can also be beneficial for surveillance scholars, inasmuch as it provides context for a once invisible but superhuman body of digital information that circulates as a proxy for us in digital milieus. This body is best understood through contemporary surveillance practices, yet metaphors of the panopticon and George Orwell's 1984 proliferate in the surveillant imagination. I argue here that mapping an origin story onto a view of our data as a superhuman body not only creates a tangible representation of surveillance, but it also emphasizes and animates alternative surveillance theories useful for circulation in the surveillant imagination.

Contributor Notes

Sarah Young is a Marie Skłodowska-Curie LEaDing Fellows Postdoc at Erasmus University in Rotterdam, The Netherlands. She researches surveillance, information studies, rhetoric, and technical communication. Email: young@eshcc.eur.nl

  • Collapse
  • Expand

Screen Bodies

The Journal of Embodiment, Media Arts, and Technology

  • Beck, Estee. N. 2015. “The Invisible Digital Identity: Assemblages in Digital Networks.Computers and Composition 35: 125140. doi:.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bentham, Jeremy. 1995. The Panopticon Writings. Ed. Miran Bozovic. New York: Verso.

  • Bernal, Paul. 2016. “Data Gathering, Surveillance and Human Rights: Recasting the Debate.Journal of Cyber Policy 1 (2): 243264. doi:.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bernier, Andrew. 2016. “How Peoria Police are Using New Technology to Better Predict When and Where Crime Will Happen.KJZZ, 24 February. https://science.kjzz.org/content/269439/how-peoria-police-are-using-new-technology-better-predict-when-and-where-crime-will.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bigo, Didier. 2006. “Security, Exception, Ban, and Surveillance.” In Theorizing Surveillance: The Panopticon and Beyond, ed. David Lyon, 4668. Portland, OR: Willan Publishing.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Boyne, Roy. 2000. “Post-Panopticism.Economy and Society 29 (2): 285307. doi:.

  • Cheney-Lippold, John. 2011. “A New Algorithmic Identity: Soft Biopolitics and the Modulation of Control.Theory, Culture & Society 28 (6): 164181. doi:.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Citron, Danielle Keats, and Frank Pasquale. 2014. “The Scored Society: Due Process for Automated Predictions.Washington Law Review 89 (1): 133. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2376209

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Crawford, Kate, and Jason Schultz. 2014. “Big Data and Due Process: Toward a Framework to Redress Predictive Privacy Harms.Boston College Law Review 55 (1): 93128. http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/bclr/vol55/iss1/4

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Crouch, Ian. 2013. “So Are We Living in 1984?The New Yorker, 11 June. www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/so-are-we-living-in-1984.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Deleuze, Gilles. 1995. Negotiations—1972–1990. Trans. Martin Joughin. New York: Columbia University Press.

  • Deleuze, Gilles, and Félix Guattari. 1987. A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Trans. Brian Massumi. London: Continuum.

  • Dennett, Thomas. 2018. “The Hulk: 10 Times He Was Marvel's Greatest Villain (And 10 Times He Was Its Greatest Hero).” CBR, 25 May. www.cbr.com/hulk-greatest-villain-and-hero/.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Draper, Robert. 2018. “They Are Watching You—And Everything Else on the Planet.” National Geographic, February. www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2018/02/surveillance-watching-you/.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Eldeib, Duaa. 2016. “Stateville's Controversial ‘Roundhouse’ Prison Area Shuttered.Chicago Tribune, 1 December. www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-stateville-roundhouse-closed-met-20161201-story.html.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Federal Trade Commission. 2019. “The Equifax Data Breach.” Federal Trade Commission, ww.ftc.gov/equifax-data-breach, accessed 22 February 2019.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Foucault, Michel. 1977. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Pantheon Books.

  • Giddens, Anthony. 1999. “Risk.” BBC Reith Lectures. http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/events/reith_99/week2/week2.htm. accessed 19 October 2019.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gill, Stephen. 1995. “The Global Panopticon? The Neoliberal State, Economic Life, and Democratic Surveillance.Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 20 (1): 149. doi:.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gilliom, John, and Torin Monahan. 2013. SuperVision: An Introduction to the Surveillance Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  • Giroux, Henry A. 2015. “Totalitarian Paranoia in the Post-Orwellian Surveillance State.Cultural Studies 29 (2): 108140. doi:.

  • Gordon, Diana R. 1990. The Justice Juggernaut: Fighting Street Crime, Controlling Citizens. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Haggerty, Kevin D. 2006. “Tear Down the Walls: On Demolishing the Panopticon.” In Theorizing Surveillance: The Panopticon and Beyond, ed. David Lyon, 2345. Portland, OR: Willan Publishing.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Haggerty, Kevin D., and Richard V. Ericson. 2000. “The Surveillant Assemblage.British Journal of Sociology 51 (4): 605622. doi:.

  • Illinois Department of Corrections. 2016. “Stateville Correctional Center's F House Officially Closed.” 1 December. Illinois Department of Corrections, www2.illinois.gov/idoc/news/2016/Pages/StatevilleCorrectionalCenter%E2%80%99sFHouseofficiallyclosed.aspx.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Internal Revenue Service. 2004. “Internal Revenue Bulletin: 2004-31.” www.irs.gov/irb/2004-31_IRB#d0e1647, accessed 22 February 2019.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Johnson, Deborah G., and Kent A. Wayland. 2010. “Surveillance and Transparency as Sociotechnical Systems of Accountability.” In Surveillance and Democracy, ed. Kevin D. Haggerty and Minas Samatas, 1933. New York: Routledge-Cavendish.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kammerer, Dietmar. 2012. “Surveillance in Literature, Film, and Television.” In The Routledge Handbook of Surveillance Studies, ed. Kirstie Ball, Kevin D. Haggerty, and David Lyon, 99106. New York: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Koskela, Hille. 2003. “‘Cam Era’ – The Contemporary Urban Panopticon.Surveillance & Society 1 (3): 292313. https://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v1i3.3342

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lyon, David. 1993. “An Electronic Panopticon? A Sociological Critique of Surveillance Theory.Sociological Review 41 (4): 653678. doi:.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lyon, David. 2003. Surveillance as Social Sorting: Privacy, Risk, and Digital Discrimination. New York: Routledge.

  • Lyon, David. 2006. “The Search for Surveillance Theories.” In Theorizing Surveillance: The Panopticon and Beyond, ed. David Lyon, 3-20. Portland, OR: Willan Publishing.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lyon, David. 2007. Surveillance Studies: An Overview. Cambridge: Polity Press.

  • Malin, Bradley, Latanya Sweeney, and Elaine Newton. 2003. “Trail Re-identification: Learning Who You Are from Where You Have Been.” Carnegie Mellon University, School of Computer Science, Data Privacy Laboratory Technical Report, LIDAP-WP12. Pittsburgh: Carnegie Mellon University, Laboratory for International Data Privacy. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2e6b/d05fffdd762c9aef4c3273e263e8694c9177.pdf.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Marx, Gary T. 1988. Undercover: Police Surveillance in America. Berkeley: University of California Press.

  • Marx, Gary T. 2012. “‘Your Papers Please’: Personal and Professional Encounters with Surveillance.” In Routledge Handbook of Surveillance Studies, ed. Kirstie Ball, Kevin D. Haggerty, and David Lyon, xxxxxi. New York: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Marx, Gary T. 2016. Windows into the Soul: Surveillance and Society in an Age of High Technology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  • Marwick, Alice E. 2014. “How Your Data Are Being Deeply Mined.” New York Review of Books 61 (1). www.nybooks.com/articles/2014/01/09/how-your-data-are-being-deeply-mined/.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mathiesen, Thomas. 1997. “The Viewer Society: Michel Foucault's ‘Panopticon’ Revisited.” Theoretical Criminology 1 (2): 215234. doi.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • McGrath, John. 2012. “Performing Surveillance.” In The Routledge Handbook of Surveillance Studies, ed. Kirstie Ball, Kevin D. Haggerty, and David Lyon, 8390. New York: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • NCTE. 2018. “The George Orwell Award.” www.ncte.org/volunteer/groups/publiclangcom/orwellaward, accessed 19 October 2019.

  • Nelson, Ben. 2018. “Why Is the Hulk Considered Uncontrollable, Chaotic, and Monstrous? He Seems to Demonstrate Self-Control, Altruism, Kindness and Consideration of Others When in His Green Form.” Quora, 18 December. www.quora.com/Why-is-the-Hulk-considered-uncontrollable-chaotic-and-monstrous-He-seems-to-demonstrate-self-control-altruism-kindness-and-consideration-of-others-when-in-his-green-form.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Orwell, George. 1949. 1984. New York: Signet.

  • Pagello, Federico. 2017. “The ‘Origin Story’ Is the Only Story: Seriality and Temporality in Superhero Fiction from Comics to Post-Television.Quarterly Review of Film and Video 34 (8): 725745. doi:.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Poster, Mark. 1990. The Mode of Information: Poststructuralism and Social Context. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  • Pridmore, Jason. 2012. “Consumer Surveillance: Context, Perspectives and Concerns in the Personal Information Economy.” In Routledge Handbook of Surveillance Studies, eds. Kirstie Ball, Kevin D. Haggerty, and David Lyon, 321-329. New York: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Reuters. 2018. “Your Personal Info Is Valuable, even if It's Wrong. Reuters, 2 March. www.reuters.com/video/2018/03/29/your-personal-info-is-valuable-even-if-i?videoId=413079941&videoChannel=118169.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Romagnoli, Alex S., and Gian S. Pagnucci. 2013. Enter the Superheroes: American Values, Culture, and the Canon of Superhero Literature. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Shilton, Katie. 2012. “Participatory Personal Data: An Emerging Research Challenge for the Information Sciences.Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 63 (10): 19051915. doi:.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Silverman, Lauren. 2016. “Using Data to Predict Child Abuse.Marketplace, 14 April. www.marketplace.org/2016/04/14/world/using-data-predict-child-abuse-hot-spots.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Simon, Bart. 2005. “The Return of Panopticism: Supervision, Subjection and the New Surveillance.Surveillance & Society 3 (1): 120.doi:.

  • Smith, Gavin J. D. 2016. “Surveillance, Data and Embodiment: On the Work of Being Watched.Body & Society 22 (2): 108139. doi:.

  • Solove, Daniel J. 2004. The Digital Person: Technology and Privacy in the Information Age. New York: New York University Press.

  • Spinuzzi, Clay. 2008. Network: Theorizing Knowledge Work in Telecommunications. New York: Cambridge University Press.

  • Staples, William G. 2000. Everyday Surveillance: Vigilance and Visibility in Postmodern Life. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Torpey, John. 2007. “Through Thick and Thin: Surveillance after 9/11.Contemporary Sociology 36 (2): 116119. doi:.

  • U.S. Federal Reserve. 2006. “Federal fair lending regulations and statutes: Fair Housing Act.” https://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/supmanual/cch/fair_lend_fhact.pdf (accessed 22 February 2019).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Weller, Toni. 2012. “The Information State: An Historical Perspective on Surveillance.” In The Routledge Handbook of Surveillance Studies, ed. Kirstie Ball, Kevin D. Haggerty, and David Lyon, 5763. New York: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Wise, J. Macgregor. 2002. “Mapping the Culture of Control: Seeing through The Truman Show.” Television New Media 3 (1): 2947. doi:.

  • Wise, J. Macgregor. 2016. Surveillance and Film. New York: Bloomsbury.

  • Young, S. (Forthcoming). Your Digital Alter Ego—The Superhero/villain You (Never) Wanted Transcending Space and Time? Computers and Composition.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Zuboff, Shoshana. 2019. “The Surveillance Threat Is Not What Orwell Imagined.Time, 6 June. https://time.com/5602363/george-orwell-1984-anniversary-surveillance-capitalism/.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

Metrics

All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 1076 464 41
Full Text Views 71 4 0
PDF Downloads 94 5 0