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L’ordre et le bonheur

Langues, nations, et territoires dans la réorganisation de l’Europe après la Première guerre mondiale

Sébastien Moret

Abstract

Avant même la fin de la Première guerre mondiale, des discussions s’ébauchèrent pour tenter d’imaginer l’Europe de l’après-guerre. Dans le cadre de cet article, nous nous intéresserons à un aspect particulier de ces discussions relatives à l’Europe nouvelle, la volonté affichée dans de nombreux textes d’aboutir à une réorganisation naturelle et scientifique du continent, avec la conviction sous-jacente qu’une telle réorganisation ne pouvait qu’aboutir à une paix durable, puisque chaque Etat aurait ainsi été à sa place légitime. Pour parvenir à cette cartographie parfaite de l’Europe, c’est avant tout à la linguistique, dans ses conceptions romantique et naturaliste, que l’on fit appel. Pourtant, au début du vingtième siècle, les idées romantiques et naturalistes sur la langue avaient été contredites et démenties au profit d’une conception sociale de la langue. Il faudra donc se demander pourquoi des idées scientifiques dépassées firent leur retour à ce moment particulier de l’histoire européenne.

Cover Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques

In  Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques

Published (Print):
01 Jun 2017
Article Type:
Research Article
Pages:
10–28 (19 total)
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Œuvres sépharades de l’entre-deux guerres et l’impensé de la spatialité

Nicole Abravanel

Abstract

Cet article se concentre sur le rÔle de la spatialité dans le monde des Juifs de Méditerranée orientale, qui est configuré comme un espace en réseaux. À travers le dissensusdes réceptions d’un ouvrage paru en 1925 (Joseph Pérez d’A. Navon) est mis en avant le fait que la spatialité doive être étudiée conjointement et comparativement tant du point de vue de l’observateur, que de l’observé, de façon à se départir de stéréotypes préconstruits relevantde l’opposition Orient/Occident. La parution de Joseph Pérez fut concomitante d’unegrande vogue littéraire exotique et orientaliste. Elle construisit l’image d’un juif “oriental,” qui se présente donc comme le refl et de cette opposition. L’étude du positionnement depersonnages tant chez A. Navon que dans la grande oeuvre d’Albert Cohen révèle la strate sous-jacente d’un espace articulé diffèremment tant au plan des représentations que del’espace effectif de circulation transterritoriale des acteurs sépharades.

Cover Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques

In  Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques

Published (Print):
01 Jun 2017
Article Type:
Research Article
Pages:
93–115 (23 total)
Free access

Romanticizing Difference

Identities in Transformation after World War I

Nadia Malinovich

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In  Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques

Published (Print):
01 Jun 2017
Article Type:
Introduction
Pages:
1–9 (9 total)
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Depictions of Women in the Works of Early Byzantine Historians and Chroniclers

Between Stereotype and Reality

Ecaterina Lung

Abstract

• The aim of this article is to highlight the ways in which women were represented in Byzantine historical works from the sixth to the ninth centuries. These are probably the best sources for a comprehensive understanding of Byzantine society, since they are more vivid, more related to literature than the law codes or archival documents, and less biased than the clergy’s writings. Like “Barbarians,” women were thought to be inferior, irrational, highly emotional, and unable to control their impulses. Byzantine women did not seem to have an identity of their own; they were always thought to be a reflection of a male. Byzantine authors believed that the normal behavior for women was to remain secluded in their houses, but when they actually presented individual women, these were almost always those who did not confine themselves to women’s quarters. A woman’s main avenue of entering written history was to behave like a man, renouncing her gender and acting in an independent manner.

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In  Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques

Published (Print):
01 Mar 2017
Article Type:
Research Article
Pages:
4–18 (15 total)
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Envisaging Eternity

Salian Women’s Religious Patronage

Nina Verbanaz

Abstract

The Salian rulers of the German realm in the eleventh century, like other medieval monarchs, maintained a complex relationship with the church. This article examines Salian women’s participation in this relationship. Through founding cathedrals, establishing monasteries, and making donations, Salian women performed traditional queenly activities and helped establish their dynasty as legitimate rulers of the empire. Charter and chronicle evidence reveal the Salian queens’ significant and acknowledged role in the foundation of Speyer Cathedral and their influence in the adoption of the imperial practice of dynastic burial of male and female rulers in its crypt. In addition to the relationship between the Salian women and Speyer Cathedral, this article looks to their charitable donations, attested in chronicles and letters, and discusses in particular Agnes of Poitou’s (d. 1077) deathbed donations. The women of the Salian dynasty created a family identity and memory through active participation in relationships with the church.

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In  Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques

Published (Print):
01 Mar 2017
Article Type:
Research Article
Pages:
33–44 (12 total)
Free access

Introduction

Women, Gender, Law, and Remembering Shona Kelly Wray

Linda E. Mitchell

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In  Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques

Published (Print):
01 Mar 2017
Article Type:
Introduction
Pages:
1–3 (3 total)
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Misbehaving Women

Trespass and Honor in Late Medieval English Towns

Teresa Phipps

Abstract

England’s medieval town court records reveal significant information on the social and economic relationships of ordinary urban residents. These relationships and conflicts concerning them are particularly evident in trespass litigation: complaints about physical and verbal assaults and the theft of goods. This article uses trespass pleas from the towns of Nottingham, Chester, and Winchester in the fourteenth century to explore the gendered nature of trespass litigation and the implications that this misbehavior had for understandings of honor and reputation in urban society. It demonstrates the ways in which women were involved in trespasses as both complainants and defendants. While women were less frequent litigants than men, the records reveal continuity between their actions in trespasses. This article thus broadens the framework of female honor beyond sexual behavior to encompass interpersonal relationships, a broad range of physical and verbal attacks, and concerns about economic fidelity.

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In  Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques

Published (Print):
01 Mar 2017
Article Type:
Research Article
Pages:
62–76 (15 total)
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The Personal and the Political in the Testaments of the Portuguese Royal Family (Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries)

Miriam Shadis

Abstract

This article examines a series of wills created by members of the royal family of Portugal over three generations, from the mid-twelfth to the mid-thirteenth century. Wills served different functions depending on the political context of their makers: fundamentally pious documents, expressing hopes for salvation, they also worked to shape the political future of the realm. Above all, these wills demonstrate certain features of material life and the deep personal connections enjoyed by members of this large and fractious family.

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In  Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques

Published (Print):
01 Mar 2017
Article Type:
Research Article
Pages:
77–92 (16 total)
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Pious Women in a “Den of Scorpions”

The Piety and Patronage of the Eleventh-Century Countesses of Brittany

Amy Livingstone

Abstract

• Chroniclers observing the complex politics of medieval Brittany referred to it as a “den of scorpions.” Eleventh- and early twelfth-century Brittany was politically unstable, with comital power under threat from both local lords and ambitious neighbors. The counts of Brittany depended upon their wives to bolster relationships with other regional powers, including the church, and to create alliances. These women brought with them relationships, ties, and associations to many powerful ecclesiastical foundations. This article examines the experiences of Countess Havoise (r. 1008–1034), Countess Bertha of Blois (c. 1020–1100), Countess Bertha (d. 1085), wife of Geoffrey Grenonat, and Countess Constance (r. 1076–1090), who all used ecclesiastical patronage to solidify the power of husbands and sons. This support allowed women to develop relationships with medieval clerics, making them, like Queen Esther, ideally placed to intervene and negotiate when tensions arose between the counts and the church.

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In  Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques

Published (Print):
01 Mar 2017
Article Type:
Research Article
Pages:
45–61 (17 total)
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Widowhood and Economic Difficulties in Medieval Barcelona

Mireia Comas-Via

Translator : Delfi I. Nieto-Isabel

Abstract

The social status of married women clearly changed when their husbands died. If we focus on the difficulties that widowhood entailed for women in Barcelona in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, we must include an analysis of their economic situation. The threat of poverty was constant, and in most cases, widows found it difficult to survive. It must be said that this direct link between poverty and widowhood existed only in the case of women: widowers were not similarly embattled. In other words, this was a sort of gendered poverty, because it was their status as “women without a man” that relegated widows to the social condition of the poor. Depending on their economic and social realities, the ways in which widows faced the inherent problems of widowhood and their ability to solve them were completely different.

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In  Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques

Published (Print):
01 Mar 2017
Article Type:
Research Article
Pages:
93–103 (11 total)