SUPPLEMENT A
2,234 Descriptions of Democracy: An Update to Democracy’s Ontological Pluralism
SUPPLEMENT A
2,234 Descriptions of Democracy: An Update to Democracy’s Ontological Pluralism
SUPPLEMENT B
2,234 Descriptions of Democracy: An Update to Democracy’s Ontological Pluralism
SUPPLEMENT C
2,234 Descriptions of Democracy: An Update to Democracy’s Ontological Pluralism
The widespread opinion among conceptual historians is that political concepts are always contested in their actual usage. Religious concepts in modernity are also not only contested; they are constructed on an ontological contradiction. They imply that the object to which they refer exists, and at the same time that it does not. I demonstrate this idea using four religious concepts: religion, God, the beyond, and spirit. I conclude with discussion on the reality status of religious concepts in modern historiography and religious studies.
created that it “emanates.” Plotinus flattens the process of creation: as emanation it is a strictly rational development of the ontologically dependent many out of the absolutely simple One and not at all a temporal process. 26 Gregory will stand for
as semiotic code serves an important purpose. It turns our attention away from ontological and normative claims about democracy; instead, the focus is on sociopolitical discourses and patterns of communication that constitute democratic theory
liberals who understand rights as properties possessed by individuals and conferred by states, Gould adopts what she calls an “interactive approach” based on a “social ontology” that understands “individuals-in-relations” (3). In addition to liberal
ontological nature, must eventually become its opposite, thereby negating the current real-world will of the people, that is, the sum of the wills of all individuals, which are always changeable and varying in practice. The following analysis proposes that
in different contexts, may be contradictory, providing ground for uncertainty and confusion. Conversely, ambiguity and semantic pluralism are ontologically inherent in the concept of democracy itself and can also be considered as a constructive
of Aristotle; of Neoplatonists like Plotinus, Porphyry, and Iamblichus; and of Hermetic texts. In this way, then, both Ficino and Pico synthesized scholastic ontological hierarchies with the moral philosophy of humanism, and their systems popularized