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inevitable degradation of the system of restraints and incentives aimed at limiting the oligarchic tendencies of representative government, ‘the vices which will corrupt even the best organised constitution if it remains unaltered’ (221). Condorcet

reification to modern epistemic reification that allowed for the emergence of representative government and of what would later develop into representative democracy. To be sure, epistemic reification as a strategy to construct a black box that produces social

circumstances where the element of freedom is the decisive factor” (Cory 1953, as quoted by Hunter 2015: 79 ). For Malcolm, since “democracy has many forms, thus, representative government as practiced in Great Britain is one; and it may not be audacious to

: Cambridge University Press . Manin , Bernard . 1997 . The Principles of Representative Government . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Milton Edwards , Beverly . 1993 . “ Facade Democracy and Jordan .” British Journal of Middle Eastern

, Bryan . 2010 . “ Representative Government and Popular Sovereignty .” In Political Representation , ed. Alexander S. Kirshner , Elisabeth Jean Wood , Ian Shapiro , and Susan C. Stokes , 90 – 110 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press

constraining rulers to obtain consent from their people” (102). It comes in two variants: the direct form Stasavage calls early democracy, which boasted constant if restricted political participation, and the indirect, representative government without mandates

schooled in the convoluted first-past-the-post system of representative government there was something intoxicating about the referendum's simplicity and its violence. For a fleeting moment, The People really were sovereign. One reason for that sense

, whereas the fulfillment of the will of the people points at a more unspecific responsibility to bring about the will of the people. This could theoretically include an enlightened monarch as well as a representative government, or a strong party, as long

.” Thesis Eleven 26 ( 1 ): 46 – 53 . https://doi.org/10.1177/072551369002600104 Manin , Bernard . 1996 . The Principles of Representative Government . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Mann , Michael . 2005 . The Dark Side of

of democracy as merely representative government and periodic elections. Democracy also embodies the ideals of participation by all (including nonhumans, see Asenbaum et al, [2023] ), radical inclusivity, and collective agency, emphasizing the