—have done their utmost to prove that volition is nothing but a fabrication, European intellectual and social movements like Renaissance humanism, the Enlightenment, nineteenth-century liberalism, and twentieth-century existentialism have argued that the
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Introduction
Exceptionalism and Necropolitical Security Dynamics in Olympic Rio de Janeiro
Margit Ystanes and Tomas Salem
progress to other continents ( Nascimento 1989 ; Santos 1993 ). The ideas of equality and freedom from slavery that philosophers and others debated during the European Enlightenment did not extend beyond white men and hence were not seen as contradictory