This article investigates International Women's Day (IWD) in Poland as a historical and current event. In 1911, the first IWD was observed by Polish feminists who belonged to a "nation without a state." This first celebration marked the beginning of the first stage of the history of IWD in the Polish lands. One hundred years later, women's marches took place again on 8 March. This article examines how Polish feminists celebrated and organized IWD in Galicia and Congress Poland in 1911 and beyond. The article sheds light on the relationship between the liberal and socialist women's movements in Poland during the years 1911–1914. This study contributes to Polish women's history and to the feminist memory culture of IWD. Using our analysis of the history of the origins of IWD in Poland, we also consider whether or not the demands of 1911 are still relevant to the present day.
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Together and Apart
Polish Women's Rights Activists and the Beginnings of International Women's Day Around 1911
Iwona Dadej and Angelique Leszczawski-Schwerk
Polish-Jewish Female Writers and the Women's Emancipation Movements in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries
Zuzanna Kołodziejska-Smagała
Zionist movement and emigration, which stood in contrast with the aims of the integrationists. Another reason for their engagement in the Polish movement might have been that they supported the idea of Poland's independence, and the Polish women's movement