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). The feelings of anger and injustice are enforced by dynamics of discrimination, racism, and the stereotypical images conveyed by, lately also international, media. Figure 2. Crossing bridges—the channel between Molenbeek and the Brussels city center

stereotyping and hierarchies meant that workers were defined by their aptitude for hard work. The Hutus from Burundi were stigmatized as “dirty” but also hard workers who could do the most arduous tasks on plantations. Hutus escaping racial stereotyping in

violence, insecurity, and economic precarity. In this context, Central American migrants, as gendered and racialized others, become easily stereotyped as criminals, delinquents, rapists, and kidnappers. Cultural crises and hysteria around immigrants

are prone to proselytization, yet with little appreciation of the nuance of religious expression and motivations. Generalizations and stereotypes from a Northern perspective categorize local faith actors in ways that our research has shown to be

groups, and the lack of public discourse on ethnicity, even though ethnic stereotypes pervade social and cultural life, but, in most cases, are articulated as utani (jokes). People’s areas of origin and names might indicate their ethnic group, but are

be demonstrated through short stereotypical narratives of flight and life in exile, but mostly visual markers of destitution. Despite VIVA’s anti-institutional approach, this is similar to the curtailing of refugees’ first-hand experience by the

the day-to-day struggle of working, commuting, and living in poverty. However, it also constructs migrants as victims or villains, providing very few counter-examples to these stereotypes. Despite his stated distrust of statistics, Judah peppers his

stereotypically through social media. Yet the passing of the 1998 asylum law 3 more than 20 years ago testifies to the forward-thinking nature of Portuguese legislation, since it already promoted local integration before refugee status was granted. Portuguese law

. Herzfeld , Michael . 1987 . “ ‘As in Your Own House’: Hospitality, Ethnography, and the Stereotype of Mediterranean Society .” In Honor and Shame and the Unity of the Mediterranean , ed. David D. Gilmore , 75 – 89 . Washington, DC : American