Refugees face multiple barriers when entering the labor market ( Campion 2018 ; Lee et al. 2020 ). Limited language skills and low levels of social capital are often substantial obstacles for refugees to access employment ( Cheung and Phillimore
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Sonia Morano-Foadi, Peter Lugosi, and Clara Della Croce
In Migration and Society
- Published (Print):
- 01 Jun 2023
- Article Type:
- Research Article
- Pages:
- 70–86 (17 total)
Georg Picot and Arianna Tassinari
Reform of the labor market has long been an important and controversial policy area in Italy, and it was one of Matteo Renzi's core concerns when he took up the leadership of the Democratic Party. This chapter recounts the main changes in Italian labor market policy since the 1990s before discussing the Jobs Act, which started as a highly publicized reform project concentrating on changes to public employment services and unemployment benefits, but which the left strongly challenged when dismissal protection was later weakened.
In Italian Politics
- Published (Print):
- 01 Sep 2015
- Article Type:
- Research Article
- Pages:
- 121–140 (20 total)
Lucio Baccaro and Marco Simoni
After months of intense debate, the referendum on Article 18 of the
Workers’ Statute was held on 15–16 June 2003. The aim of the referendum
was to extend to all workers, independent of the size of the
firm, so-called real protection, that is, the right to reinstatement in case
of unjustified dismissal.1 The result was clear once the polls were
closed and even before the votes were counted. Only 25.7 percent of
eligible voters took part, a significant amount less than the required 50
percent quorum. It meant that the 10 million votes (87.4 percent of voters)
in favor of extending Article 18 had no legislative impact.2 The fact
that the vote was not validated could lead to the conclusion that the
event was insignificant. However, it provides an opportunity to look at
the dynamics between trade unions and politics in recent years, especially
with respect to the debates over labor market flexibility and legislative
proposals of the center-right government. Moreover, the
referendum contributed both to the accentuation of divisions between
the major trade union confederations (CGIL, CISL, and UIL) during the
campaign and then to their attenuation following the vote. Finally, the
referendum, perhaps, brought to a conclusion a two-year struggle for
the representation of labor. It strengthened the traditional ruling group
of the Ulivo and Communist Refoundation while weakening that of
Sergio Cofferati, the spiritual leader of the wider left extending from
the Margherita to the No Global and girotondi movements.
In Italian Politics
- Published (Print):
- 01 Sep 2004
- Article Type:
- Research Article
- Pages:
- 166–183 (18 total)
Patrik Vesan
This chapter analyzes some of the major labor reforms implemented by the Renzi government in 2015 in relation to youth employment, with reference to the Jobs Act. The strategy pursued by the executive has been to concentrate on combating the segmentation of the labor market by liberalizing individual and collective dismissals and by introducing a new type of contract, which offers a generous incentive for new permanent hires. The main goal of this strategy is to decrease the divisions between insiders and outsiders in the hope that this measure will encourage employers to stabilize workers, especially the younger ones, and invest in the development of human capital. Such a strategy, however, rests on weak foundations, which might call into question its effectiveness and with it the stability of Renzi’s leadership.
In Italian Politics
- Published (Print):
- 01 Sep 2016
- Article Type:
- Research Article
- Pages:
- 191–208 (18 total)
Alessia Donà
Despite a situation of economic crisis and political uncertainty, the year 2013 will be remembered for the highest female parliamentary representation ever reached in Italy, for the adoption of new legislative measures to combat violence against women, and for increased female participation in the labor market. This chapter provides an overview of these three main events. First, by conducting a process-tracing analysis, the chapter reconstructs the steps taken toward new legislative measures against gender-based violence. Second, the chapter explores the Italian labor market, where the harsh crisis put women back into the workforce. Lastly, the possible policy implications of a renewed, younger, and more gender-balanced Parliament are discussed. The main argument is that the events of 2013 may represent a turning point for Italian women's rights, but only if traditional gender roles are challenged.
In Italian Politics
- Published (Print):
- 01 Sep 2014
- Article Type:
- Research Article
- Pages:
- 273–289 (17 total)
Louis Chauvel
"Youth" was once defined as the 15 to 24 year old age group. Today in France one sees a "first youth" (dependent on family and school) and a "second youth" in their twenties sharply divided between a successful elite with top degrees (or family wealth) and a highly marginalized workingclass. Between these extremes, a middle group often experiences frustration and anomie when their university degrees fail to launch the careers they desired. A "third youth" of thirty-somethings has also emerged still dependent on their families and the state. The French corporatist welfare regime, moreover, makes women, immigrants, and the young structural outsiders who must compete harder than Caucasian middle-aged men for jobs. Setbacks early in life in the labor market have long-term consequences (scarring effects) both for individuals and for the birth cohort as a whole. The political consequences are difficult to forecast, but much of the recent political volatility in France can be traced to these generational dynamics and failure to integrate youth since the late 1970s.
In French Politics, Culture & Society
- Published (Print):
- 01 Dec 2010
- Article Type:
- Research Article
- Pages:
- 74–96 (23 total)
“I Earn, Therefore I Exist”
Impoverished Bedouin Mothers Who Become Entrepreneurs
Nuzha Allassad Alhuzail
The changes among Bedouin in the Negev since the establishment of the State of Israel have had far-reaching implications for Bedouin women and their families. Bedouin women are marginalized, excluded from public life and the labor market. This exacerbates the economic inequality between Arabs and Jews, institutionalized, inter alia, in the 'Arab enclave', which lacks industrialization and is allocated fewer resources. This is a qualitative study among 20 Bedouin women raising large families and living in poverty who participated in SAWA, a microfinance program established by the Koret Foundation in Israel. It examines the process undergone by these women who succeeded in creating employment for themselves and for family members, thus raising their status within the family. Their contribution to the family income also improved their relationship with their husbands and other members of their family.
In Israel Studies Review
- Published (Print):
- 01 Dec 2013
- Article Type:
- Research Article
- Pages:
- 174–191 (18 total)
Erhard Friedberg
The failure of the CPE does not prove the impossibility of reform in France, but rather illustrates political actors' incompetence when it comes to developing and leading reform efforts. The article argues the foregoing thesis by reviewing different moments when competence in these matters would have been able to make a difference. It then examines the collateral damage of this aborted reform with regard to the adminstration's capacity to act and with regard to the French political landscape from now until the 2007 presidential elections.
In French Politics, Culture & Society
- Published (Print):
- 01 Sep 2006
- Article Type:
- Research Article
- Pages:
- 89–95 (7 total)
Reordering German Liberalism
Re-examining the Social Market Economy in the 2021 Bundestag Election
Mark I. Vail
Germany's Bismarckian welfare state, 4 and a relatively depoliticized collective bargaining system that eschewed political battles in favor of regularized negotiations over wages and the rules governing the labor market. Prosperity, in this understanding
In German Politics and Society
- Published (Print):
- 01 Dec 2022
- Article Type:
- Research Article
- Pages:
- 19–36 (18 total)
Manufacturing Labor Discipline
Apprenticeship, Asymmetrical Knowledge, and Large-Scale Production in Britain and France, 1750–1820
Leonard N. Rosenband
and shipyards boycotted bold employers, and depended on custom and “invented traditions” to protect their skills and control of labor markets. 1 This article considers how large-scale manufacturers in several European trades attempted to increase
In Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques
- Published (Print):
- 01 Mar 2021
- Article Type:
- Research Article
- Pages:
- 14–30 (17 total)