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Mala consuetudo

Un excursus romain autour d'une expression médiévale

Soazick Kerneis

Résumé/Abstract

Le concept de coutume est une création des juristes occidentaux permettant de convertir les usages autochtones dans les termes de l'ordre juridique dominant. Si la contrainte de l'État est décisive dans la formulation de la coutume, faut-il penser qu'en Europe aussi elle fut une création étatique, les peuples ne participant guère à son épanouissement ? La mala consuetudo médiévale témoigne d'un rapport de force si bien qu'il faut restituer la pratique des usages, l'action du peuple dans la redéfinition des coutumes. L'article considère le contenu de l'expression médiévale comme une catégorie de pensée et la transpose dans l'Antiquité romaine afin de revenir sur le processus de création des consuetudines. Si la consuetudo romaine est bien une création du pouvoir, les communautés auxquelles elle s'applique parviennent aussi à contenir son périmètre. Sa pérennité tient sans doute en partie au fait qu'elle a été perçue ensuite comme un privilège communautaire.

The concept of custom is a creation of Western lawyers allowing for the conversion of indigenous uses into the terms of the dominant legal order. If the State's constraint is ultimately decisive in the formulation of custom, does that mean in Europe too it was essentially a State creation, with the peoples hardly participating in its existence? The mala consuetudo is a matter of power relations, so that it is necessary to emphasize the impact of practices, of popular action on the shaping of customs. This article considers the content of the medieval expression as a category of thought and transposes it to Roman antiquity in order to reconsider the development of consuetudines. If the Roman consuetudo was indeed a creation of power, the communities to which it applied managed to contain its perimeter. Its durability is probably due in part to the fact that it was perceived as a community privilege.

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Shakespeare and Derivatives

David Hawkes

Abstract

The twenty-first century has witnessed the rise to power of images in every aspect of human endeavour. Speculative financial derivatives have achieved a predominant place in the economy, spin and perception rule the political sphere, and technological media ensure that we spend our lives surrounded by images of all kinds. Reading the works of Shakespeare reveals the roots of this process in the early modern period, when the iconoclasm of the Reformation, popular protests against usury, and the campaign against ritual magic combined to provide an ethically based popular resistance to the power of signs.

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Introduction

Politics of Recognition and Myths of Race

George Baca

At the time of this writing, the world is watching incredulously as terror and deprivation ravage the poorest citizens of New Orleans in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. The region’s middle class and elite fled the disaster, while federal authorities’ inaction resulted in starvation for those too poor to leave. Such callousness embodied in US civil society and state institutions has been made transparent to the world, illuminating the increasing class inequality that has evolved since the passage of the Civil Rights Act. In light of this conflation of racism and class inequality, this forum focuses on the ways that multi-cultural politics mystify such power relations with romantic recollections of popular resistance to racism in the post–World War II era: decolonization, the US civil rights movement, and the fall of apartheid in South Africa.

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Book Reviews

Dan Avnon, Nitzan Lebovic, Raymond Cohen, Elie Friedman, Sara Helman, Gad Barzilai, and Ari Ariel

use of violence led to estrangement from the Israeli peace movement and limited international support. Chapter 6 details the necessary conditions for successful popular resistance and why Palestinian resistance has not met this challenge. The authors

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Editorial

Benjamin Abrams and Giovanni A. Travaglino

“system justification” helps to explain popular resistance or acquiescence to political and social contexts. Of particular importance are “low system justifiers,” individuals who prefer instantiating egalitarian alternatives to the status quo over the

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The Rue d'Isly, Algiers, 26 March 1962

The Contested Memorialization of a Massacre

Fiona Barclay

ways by different constituencies. Ruscio notes that members of the OAS, and Roger Degueldre in particular, believed that a swell of popular resistance from the general population would reproduce Budapest in 1956, where civilians had faced down Soviet

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The Visual Construction of the Myth of the Albanian National Leader

Denis Vuka

an icon of the socialist period, acquired an additional function: it linked the communist leader Hoxha and the notion of popular resistance to former national heroes and to memorable episodes in Albania’s past. The version appearing in the layout is

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“The Master Plan is a Master Killer”:

Land dispossession and powerful resistance in Oromia, Ethiopia

Gutu Olana Wayessa

This article examines a popular resistance of the Oromo people against a specific plan called the Addis Ababa and Oromia Special Zone Integrated Master Plan (hereafter, the AAMP or the Master Plan), which is connected to wider issues of political

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The Palestinians, Israel, and BDS

Strategies and Struggles in Wars of Position

Ian S. Lustick and Nathaniel Shils

are thus suspended between structural dependence on Israel and the potential benefits of appealing to a form of popular resistance with widespread legitimacy vis-à-vis the Palestinian public. This situation explains the contradictions and

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Fighting Fire with Fire

Resistance to Transitional Justice in Bahrain

Ciara O’Loughlin

challenge constituted authority. For example, the Bahraini uprising has been described as a “resistance movement” ( Zunes 2011: 155 ) and repressed “popular resistance” ( Allansson et al. 2012: 149 ), while nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) such as Human