In February 2021, The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (The CEDAW Committee) examined Denmark's fulfillment of the rights ensured in The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (the CEDAW Convention). The examination covers not only Denmark, but also the governments of Greenland and the Faroe Islands, as the Danish ratification in 1983 of the CEDAW Convention applies to the entire Danish Realm. Thus, as of 2023, the women of Greenland have been entitled to the rights stated in the CEDAW Convention for thirty years. The reason for focusing on women's rights in Greenland is the intersectional identity of most Greenlandic women as being both female and indigenous (Inuit).
The Greenlandic government has stated:
… although the government of Greenland was territorially and not ethnically defined, it could be described as a de facto indigenous government on account of indigenous Greenlanders’ making up the overwhelming majority of the population, which was small and spread out over a vast territory. The vast majority of women could therefore be categorized as indigenous and rural.1
The Greenlandic government has expressed the view that the responsibility for achieving gender equality and applying the Convention to Greenland should be considered a Greenlandic affair.2 Furthermore, they have also stated that gender equality is a principle and objective for policies and legislation.3 In 2019 they expressed that gender equality is “… a fundamental principle for Naalaakersuisut to promote equal opportunities in all life conditions”4 and have throughout the years declared their commitment toward achieving gender equality.5
However, the CEDAW Committee has time and time again expressed concern with the lack of adequate information and available (gender-segregated) data on gender equality,6 including on violence,7 wages,8 occupational segregation,9 abortion, and the high suicide rate,10 along with trafficking and prostitution.11 This limited information about gender equality is also raised by the Danish Institute for Human Rights and the Human Rights Council of Greenland.12 Furthermore, The Committee has also raised concern with the general lack of awareness about the CEDAW Convention in Greenland.13
This article investigates the process of ensuring gender equality in Greenland by reviewing the examination-related official documents—such as state reports and the CEDAW Committee's concluding observations—along with contributions made by human rights institutions and civil society. It will focus on areas directly related to Greenland, primarily where the Committee has mentioned Greenland directly or where the Greenlandic authorities themselves have made contributions to the reporting process. The aim is to create an overview of the official status of women's rights in Greenland, which hopefully will help further the process of ensuring equality.
The article is divided into eleven sections. First, there is brief historical overview of the examination sessions. Second is an overview of overall initiatives. The third section covers the legislative framework ensuring women's rights. From here, the subsequent sections cover one issue each: the fourth section covers gender-based violence; the fifth covers politics and representation; the sixth covers education; the seventh covers work; and the eighth covers health. The ninth section covers several smaller neglected issues, and the tenth section covers those related to climate change, while the eleventh section is a brief conclusion.
A Brief Historical Overview of the Last Thirty Years
The first examination of the Danish Realms by the CEDAW Committee was in 1986, the second was in 1991, and the third was in 1997. The two first sessions were very similar, and there is limited public information. Greenlandic issues are not directly mentioned in the records, only that the Danish government worked with the Greenlandic authorities in relation to data.14 For the third examination, Greenlandic issues are scarcely mentioned. The submitted state report informs that an Equal Status Committee was established and that there was no specific equality legalization within the preceding four years, and it describes how NGOs were contributing to the debate on equality.15 Overall, for the first, second, and third examinations, the information is rather limited, and there is no in-depth information related to the status of gender-equality within Greenland.
The fourth and fifth examinations are combined, thereby covering the period from 1996 to 2002. Both the fourth and fifth state report mention that the Danish law complex does not apply to Greenland.16 Furthermore, a representative from the state mentioned new equality legislation from 2002 and new legislation in relation to parental leave in order to give better conditions to both parents, along with an action plan regarding violence.17 Finally, for the first time, the CEDAW Committee commented directly on Greenlandic relations, although it was only to state that very limited information was provided about the situation of women in Greenland and to urge for more in the next report.18
For the sixth (2006), seventh (2009), eighth (2015), and ninth (2021) examinations, more documentation related to Greenland is available. Additionally, the Greenlandic authorities also started to author submissions to the CEDAW Committee. Along with this expansion of information, the examinations covered broader issues related to Greenland. Therefore, most of the information in the following sections is from 2004 and onwards. Throughout the reporting process to the CEDAW Committee, there was a tendency toward repetition in the information given by the Greenlandic government (e.g., the reply to the list of issues is copied into the next state report). Additionally, the state reports from the eighth and nineth examinations are quite similar, and a lot of information is repeated. Numbers and years are updated, some paragraphs might be shortened, but the content is the same. Some of this content even goes back to the seventh state report (e.g., “paragraph 14: women in rural areas” and “paragraph 15: legal capacities”). In the following sections, the article focuses on the status and progress within areas mentioned in documents related to the examinations. Most areas have been repeated through several examinations dating back to 2006, but new ones have emerged.
Overall Initiatives
The main purpose of the CEDAW Convention is to eliminate all forms of discrimination against women to achieve de jure and de facto equality with men. Ratifying states are obliged to respect, protect, promote, and fulfill the rights within the Convention.19 This includes adopting temporary special measures to eliminate intersectional forms of discrimination, where women suffer multiple forms of discrimination based not only on their gender, but also other factors.20 Indigenous women are an example of a group suffering from intersectional discrimination. Therefore, temporary special measures are one means to realize substantive equality for women.21
As pointed out by the committee, the Greenlandic government has given very limited information about temporary special measures in general.22 They have even stated that the Greenlandic authorities have an insufficient understanding of the need for temporary special measures.23 This also carries over into the issue of eliminating gender-stereotypes, which is also a part of the temporary special measures obligations within the Convention.24 The National Institute for Human Rights stated in 2014: “There does not appear to be a concerted effort to fight against prejudice and stereotypes.”25 Another tool for achieving gender equality overall could be a gender mainstreaming strategy. However, this has not been done in Greenland, even though the CEDAW Committee has raised such a strategy several times.26
The Equal Status Council of Greenland (later referred to as the Council of Gender Equality) has become one of the main initiatives to achieve de facto equality in Greenland. This council has been repeated as an initiative to achieve gender equality many times.27 The Equal Status Council was established in 1998. It was originally based upon “Parliament Act no. 5 of 20 May 1998 on the Equal Status Council of Greenland” and was later amended by “Parliament Act no. 8 of 11 April 2003 on change of Act no. 5 of 20 May 1998 on the Equal Status Council.”28 The Council's job is to promote equality of opportunity for men and women. It monitors developments and acts as an advisory body,29 and is the link to other advisory bodies in Nordic countries, along with promoting and contributing information to citizens and authorities,30 including creating public forums to discuss gender equality to change attitudes in society31 and raising awareness on gender equality and arranging and contributing to legislative hearings.32
The Council engages in several activities, including a conference in 2003,33 maintaining a webpage,34 offering a course in 2003 and 2005 to increase the number of women in political participation requested by the government,35 and contributions to the media.36 Additionally, they have created teaching materials on gender equality and reviewed existing teaching materials, along with focusing on strengthening the corps of ambassadors37 and addressing violence against women in 2005 and 2006, including making television advertisements.38
The Council can examine issues upon request or by its own initiative and may advise individuals. But they are not obligated to consider a case and have no jurisdiction for specific complaints. That can be taken on only by the courts or the Ombudsman.39 Lastly, the Danish Institute for Human Rights and The Greenlandic Council of Human Rights have indicated that it is difficult for them to carry out their mandate due to limited finances.40
The Greenlandic Council of Human Rights was established by the Act of Parliament no. 23 of 3 December 2012.41 It consists of fifteen representatives from civil society, three from local authorities, and one from the Ombudsman. Their mandate is to strengthen human rights knowledge and competencies in Greenland.42 Regretfully, they too suffer from lack of financial resources as well as human and technical resources. 43Thereby, it seems that there is currently limited capacity to ensure gender equality. This is because, first, the two main gender equality institutions lack resources (although they nevertheless continue to carry out efforts to ensure gender equality), and second, the accelerating temporary special measures seem to be missing, and there is no gender mainstreaming strategy.
Legislative Framework Ensuring Women's Rights
What the state has done instead is attempt to cover the convention's provisions through separate national legislation. From the first to the third examination, no information was given about the legislative framework on gender equality in Greenland. Within the fourth and fifth submitted state reports, there is only a replication of the same statement, being that the Danish law complex does not apply to Greenland.44 Additionally, that examination's concluding observation states that Greenlandic legislation focusing on equal treatment had replaced older Danish and Home Rule legislation.45
From the sixth session onwards, more specific information about gender equality legislation is presented. First, the Greenlandic authorities state that “Greenlandic legislation contains no formal impediment to gender equality” and they go on to state that their legislation does not distinguish between women and men, but ensures all rights to all of their citizens. 46 Additionally, they also repeat their assertion that women and men are equal before the law, and have the same rights of access to the judicial system and treatment within it, along with the same right to hold property.47
Within the sixth examination, we are introduced to “The Equality Act.” This act is the main reference point in relation to the legislative framework to ensure gender equality. This Act was initially called “The Parliament Act no. 7 of 11 April 2003 on equal status of women and men”48 up until 2013, and was referred to along with the legislative act founding the Equal Status Council of Greenland.49 In 2013, these two acts were combined in “Parliament Act no. 3 of 29 November 2013 on gender equality between men and women.”
The “new” Equality Act was introduced in 2013.50 It stated that the main contribution of this new Act would be to base the Equal Status Council on the Paris Principles, with amendments to promote equal gender representation on boards, along with a more explicit provision on sexual and gender-based harassment at work.51 It is worth noting, though, that the descriptions of the “old” Gender Equality Act from 2003 in the eighth state report and the “new” Gender Equality Act from 2013 in the ninth state report have the same content.52
“The Equality Act”—in both its old and new forms—contains provisions related to the work sphere for both public and private sectors, where the work sector must work to achieve equality and incorporate it in all planning and administration.53 For example, it is not allowed for an employer to differentiate or discriminate on the basis of gender.54 Men and women must also receive equal pay for equal work.55 Additionally, there must be an equal number of women and men on committees, boards, and executive bodies.56 It also ensures parental leave to all employees.57 Furthermore, the Act covers the obligation for workplaces with at least ten employees58 (later increased to twenty employees in the new legislation),59 to report to the ministry on equality. It also ensures citizens the right to compensation when discriminated against in relation to one of the listed areas.60
The Greenlandic government has argued that this Act covers gender equality in all areas.61 However, the Equality Act only applies to the work sphere. The government has explained that the Act contains provisions related to the work sphere for both public and private sectors62 and later stated that the law applies in circumstances where equivalent or better rights do not follow from a collective agreement.63
There are currently no legislative measures other than this Act.64 The Danish Institute for Human Rights and the Human Rights Council of Greenland have also mentioned this. They have stated that this Act is the primary legislative instrument for equality. There is no other legislation referring to the Convention, and the Convention itself is extremely rarely mentioned in courts and is not directly applicable.65 Thus, there is no legal prohibition against discrimination based upon gender outside the workplace in Greenland.
Consequently, the CEDAW Committee continues to be concerned with the lack of incorporation of the Convention within national law, thereby ensuring gender equality in all areas, as stated in the concluding observations for the sixth,66 seventh,67 eighth,68 and nineth69 examinations. Along this line, they are also not satisfied with the use of gender-neutral language within legislation and policies, which the Greenlandic authorities seek to use.70 The Committee recommends using gender-sensitive language instead of gender-neutral, as it could otherwise have adverse effects on public funding programs for women.71
Gender-Based Violence
In 2013, the Greenlandic government indicated that 62.4 percent of Greenlandic women over the age of 17 have experienced violence or severe threats of violence during their lives one or more times. 72 Furthermore, the offender was either a present or former partner in 65.2 percent of the cases.73 Similarly, numbers provided in 2021 also showed a high occurrence of violence against women throughout the years. Women in particular are victims of rape (209 registered victims of rape were women, while only 18 were men).74
The Greenlandic government is aware of this issue and has tried several initiatives in order to eliminate gender-based violence, especially through the National Strategy and Action Plan Against Violence 2014–2017. It was originally introduced under preparation as a National Strategy and Action Plan Against Violence 2013–2016, and had four main objectives: support the victim; break the circle of violence; ensure professionals receive more training; and advance knowledge on violence. It contained 32 measures (later reduced to 31) primarily aimed toward eliminating domestic violence, covering inter alia legislation, campaigns, and psychosocial reinforcement.75 Fourteen of these measures focus especially on violence against women, including an expansion plan for shelters and the national shelter “Illernit,” an effort to upgrade the qualifications of staff, and three campaigns aimed toward youth and professionals, including sending textbooks on violence against women to various professionals.76
However, this strategy has also been critiqued by The Committee due to its gender-neutral formulation, which might miss and thereby overlook root causes of violence against women.77 The Danish Institute for Human Rights and Human Rights Council of Greenland have also, in their combined parallel report, raised concerns regarding the part of the strategy that deals with the counseling personnel, “… as far from all personnel have the relevant education.”78 Another action plan is also mentioned, to be made with the support of the West Nordic Council and in participation with Denmark and the Faroe Islands.79 It is unknown if this is covered by the same strategy.
A new strategy named “Kiiliisa,” covering the period 2018–2022, was brought forward in the 2019 state report. This strategy is aimed at helping and supporting all citizens affected by sexual abuse and includes six themes: information/knowledge sharing; prevention; interdisciplinary cooperation; victims and relatives; the local community; and people with sexual abusive behaviors.80
The Greenlandic government indicated in 2019 that several of the previous initiatives mentioned above still continued, such as “Illernit,”81 although the Committee would prefer if the strategy itself was extended.82 Other initiatives include “Alliaq,” which is a treatment option for perpetrators;83 “Kattunneq,” which is a Danish-Greenlandic collaboration aimed at upgrading the staff of shelters and increasing collaboration between shelters and other professionals working with victims;84 male groups from 2016–2018 providing discussion forums for violence and aggression problems;85 and travel teams for adults with latent effects after childhood sexual abuse.86 There was also an amendment to criminal law and the Administration of Justice Act in 2018, which extended the scope for sexual crimes, including marital rape.87 Previously they had also mentioned the establishment of family centers and Family Folk High Schools and the recommendation to set up a crime prevention council,88 a research program in cooperation with Iceland and the Faroe Islands.89 However, the results were never publicized to the Committee,90 even though the Committee asked about it several times.91 Additionally, a national conference was held in 2009 focusing on improving the qualifications of shelter personal,92 and a course extended this in 2010 and 2011. Another course was arranged to reinforce the coordination between relevant jurisdictions. A catalogue of municipal procedures for handling cases of sexual assault and violence was distributed for municipalities, as they directly assist citizens.93
The CEDAW Committee has several times touched upon protection for women who have been victims of violence; it has requested more information on this subject94, and has also raised concerns about the lack of legal protection, including restraining orders, safe shelters, and legal aid.95 As the Greenlandic state has indicated, they adopted the Danish Act on Restraining Orders, Ban on Residence and Eviction (Act no. 112 of 3 February 2012) by royal decree, which entered into force on 1 April 2007.96 Thereby, the Committee declared the obligation for protection to be partially implemented.97 Additionally, they recommended adopting a new specific act on violence against women.98 However, the Greenlandic government replied that no legislation specifically related to violence against women existed, and there were no plans to create any.99 Therefore, this obligation has not been implemented.100
Overall, there have been several initiatives aimed at combating gender-based violence. However, more measures are still needed, as the Committee pointed out in 2021 that they were (still) concerned with the high level of gender-based violence.101 It is also worth mentioning that many of the initiatives do not focus on women who are victims of violence by their current partner. The CEDAW Committee also recommends a consent-based definition within the rape-related act, and the Danish Institute for Human Rights and the Human Rights Council of Greenland, in their combined selected list of issues, have explained that the victim support scheme (bistandsbisidderordningen) mandated by the Judicial Code §333 does not function in a satisfactory manner, as it mostly applies in connection with provisions that women must be especially at risk of being victims (rape, violence, and so forth), thereby particularly affecting women by its dysfunction.102
Politics and Representation
This section does not go into representation abroad, but rather focuses on representation within Greenland. The Greenlandic authorities have stated that women and men have the same political rights, including the same right to vote and be elected.103 However, women are in general less represented.104 Table 1 shows the percentages of women with representative positions in government, which confirms that women are not equally represented. The CEDAW Committee has asked for more information on the initiatives for increasing women's public and political participation105 and has raised concerns with the low level of female representation.106 They have called for temporary special measures, such as quotas and incentives for political parties for an equal number of men and women on the electoral list.107 To this the Greenlandic government has replied that there are no plans for further specific legislation besides the Gender Equality Act, and refers to two legislative acts related to political work and election, although none, as they state themselves, include a gender perspective. 108
The percentages of women in representative positions in relation to the stated examination.
| 6th examination1 | 7th examination2 | 8th examination3 | 9th examination4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Members (at municipality level) | 24% | 33%* | 29% | 43% |
| Mayors | 28% | 25% (later 33% due to change) | 25% | 60% |
| Deputy Mayors | 23% | 50% | — | — |
| Administration in municipality | — | 31% | — | — |
| Members of Parliament | — | 33 % | 32% | 11% |
| Ministers | 38% | 14% | 44%** | 22%** |
| Deputy Ministers | — | 42% | 22% | — |
| Head of Department | — | 43% | — | 50% |
| Boards Members (at government owned companies) | 17% | 17% | 34% | — |
CEDAW/C/DEN/Q/6/Add.1 para. 25–30; 2 CEDAW/C/DEN/7 p. 86; 3 Annex to State party report for the 8th periodic review p. 4; 4 CEDAW/C/DNK/9 para. 230. *Although a reduced number of seats, due to the reduced number of municipalities (from 18 to 4); **Assuming this is what the Greenlandic government refers to as women members of the Government of Greenland and later as members of Naalakkersuisut.
Education
Three things are apparent within this area. First, both genders have the same right and access to education. Second, overall, more women graduate with a completed education than men.109 Finally, fixed gender patterns exist in terms of which fields of education men and women choose.110 The Greenlandic government explained that men lean toward natural sciences and “other fields of education traditionally oriented toward men,” while women seek healthcare or service professions. They stated that there are initiatives (with no further elaboration on these) that attempt to limit this division, but with mixed results.111 When asked for more information by the Committee,112 the government replied that the focus was currently on raising the overall number of people with an education.113
Work
In relation to the work sphere, one could mention the “Equality Act,” as it only covers the work sphere (besides regulating equal representation of men and women on boards, etc.). However, as explained in the section above on the legislative framework, the Act is used by the government as an all-encompassing piece of legislation covering all areas of equality. The Greenlandic government has stated multiple times that women and men have the same rights to and access to all types of employment, and backs this up with data showing an almost equal employment level for men and women.114 Additionally, the Greenlandic government has declared that women are no longer over-represented in unemployment statistics,115 which is a new development, as they previously had been for years.116 Second, there is occupational gender segregation, with more than 60 percent of women in public administration and public service, while only 25 percent of men are in such jobs. Men are overrepresented especially in fishing and construction, but also in trade, industry, and transport.117 Both issues have been raised by the CEDAW Committee, but when asking for special measures to combat such disparities,118 the state replies that there are no special measures for this.119
Another significant component of the job market is parental leave. Parental leave for mothers and fathers has been ensured for years.120 The legislative “Act no 244 of 19 April 1989 on equal treatment of men and women with regard to employment and parental leave, etc.” is the foundation for this.121 An amendment was made in 2006, in which the overall period of parental leave was extended to 24 weeks, of which the father is entitled to six. This act also stressed the responsibility of both parents.122 It is furthermore gives women the right to a parental grant or full pay while they are on maternity leave. Additionally, fathers also have the right to receive parental grants.123 In 2009 a second amendment was introduced, the “Act of the Government no. 14 of 7 November 2009.” By this act, the parental leave is seventeen weeks and to be shared, with maternity leave at seventeen weeks and paternity leave at three weeks. This law also expresses the shared parental responsibility.124 In 2021 a new act was adopted, extending pregnancy leave from two to four weeks. Childbirth leave became fifteen weeks for the mother, and three weeks for the father or co-mother within the maternity-given weeks. Additionally, the shared parental leave was extended to twenty-one weeks.125 In an overall comment, the CEDAW Committee recommended measures to ensure equal participation in the family, including in relation to shared parental leave, as women still take more parental leave than men.126
Furthermore, women are also under-represented in management positions. The Greenlandic government, with reference to a survey, states that approximately 38 percent of management positions in the public sector and approximately 34 percent of management positions in the private sector are occupied by women. In regard to partly public or public companies, women hold 28 percent of management positions. In companies with more than 51 employees, women hold around 30 percent of top management positions.127 As the government states, “Generally, women are most dominant in the middle and lower middle management positions.”128 Therefore guidelines were made in December 2012 (“Guidelines for Good Corporate Governance in the Self-Governed Limited Liability Companies”) that apply to companies publicly owned, and a series of meetings was held on this issue.129 The guidelines include a recommendation for the board to review its activities yearly.130
Finally, a gender wage-gap also exists in Greenland. Based on the information provided by the Greenlandic government, the gender wage-gap is around 75–77 percent (see Table 2).131 This issue is known by the government.132 They have acceded to the ILO C100 Convention on Equal Pay for Men and Women.133 There also exists a national act ensuring equal payment: “Act no. 32 of 4 February 1976 on equal pay for men and women.”134 However, the Committee is still concerned with the stagnation of the gender wage-gap, and has recommend that Greenland, along with the Danish Realm, should revise the definition of “equal work of equal value” so it conforms with the Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951 (No. 100) of the ILO.135
Gender wage-gap.
| 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women's salary as a percentage of men's salary | 75% | 75% | 77% | 77% | 75% | 75% | 77% | 77% | 75% |
Thus, it is questionable whether there is equality within the work sphere; women are underrepresented in management positions, especially in top positions, and they make less money. Additionally, gender segregation by occupation also exists. However, the job sphere is the only place where gender-based discrimination is prohibited by law, and according to the government, women are no longer overrepresented within unemployment statistics.
Health
“Women and men must have equal access to treatment by the health service.”136 This paragraph is seen in the most recently submitted state reports, including the one from 2020. Additionally, health care is free for all residents in Greenland, including pregnancy care (e.g., midwife and doctor visits).137 Nonetheless, there are two main areas of concern in relation to health: reproductive health (abortion and sexually transmitted diseases) and a high rate of suicide.138 The Human Rights Council of Greenland and the Danish Institute for Human Rights explain that, in 2018, 22 percent of women aged 15–24 years had thought of suicide in the previous year, and 13 percent attempted suicide.139 To reduce this, the Greenland government held training courses for professionals, made a cross-sectional collaboration between municipalities, the health service, and police, and launched “Thinkinuk,” a program for young persons, and “Tusaannga,” a nation-wide hotline. Additionally, they also carry out a survey every fourth year on mental wellbeing and are in the process of developing a new strategy for suicide prevention.140
Furthermore, The Human Rights Council of Greenland and the Danish Institute for Human Rights pinpointed the persistent high rate of abortion,141 which is also recognized by is the Greenlandic government142 and the CEDAW Committee.143 The Greenlandic government previously explained that they addressed the high frequency of abortion by providing free contraception144 and by providing education for adolescents, including a “care doll” project that was introduced in 2009 and implemented in the whole country in 2012.145 Furthermore, the state also mentioned an action plan made in 2011, to be implemented in 2013.146 Sexual health is part of an upcoming program, along with a special program for adolescents in relation to parenthood, and sex education aimed at reducing teenage pregnancies.147 However, as the National Human Rights Institute points out, there is still no specific study of this subject.148 In relation to sexually transmitted diseases, the Committee asked for more information about causes and preventative measures. Here the government explains that a higher incidence of sexual transmitted diseases among girls in comparing to boys might be due to girls becoming sexually active before boys, where one third of girls begin before the age of fifteen149 ( the minimum age of sexual consent150). Additionally, they also point out that it could be caused by the fact that women are tested during pregnancy.151
Finally, a new area has been raised by civil society: the state has failed to address the transgenerational impact from the nuclear weapons accident at Thule airbase in 1968, and any resulting negative effects on women's health.152 It is worth noting that this is the first and only report by civil society which includes a Greenlandic aspect. Overall, there seem to still be persistent issues in relation to health, even though men and women might have the same right to treatment. There is still a high frequency of abortions and sexually transmitted diseases, even though there have been initiatives over the years. Additionally, the new information from civil society also raises the question of the existence of other health issues that have not been mentioned by the state or by civil society.153
Neglected Areas
There are a few areas which come across as receiving minimal attention, either from the Greenlandic government side only or from both the government and the Committee. First, there is the area of prostitution and trafficking. This area was introduced in 2006 when the Committee asked for information on how to extend to Greenland the obligation under the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, which is a supplement to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime.154 The answer from the Greenlandic government was that, when Denmark ratified this protocol, a territorial exemption was made, along with a proposal for criminalizing trafficking in 2004, as part the judicial systems review starting in 1994 and ending with a report in 2004 that included a proposed criminal code as an attachment.155 Furthermore, the Greenlandic government explained that, due to the limited population (being around 57,000 habitants) and the prevalence of small communities, “trafficking of women or prostitution is difficult without the authorities becoming aware.”156 Additionally, they said no instances of trafficking had been reported to the authorities.157 This position is reaffirmed again in all the future sessions.158 In relation to the eighth session, the Committee again asked for more information in regard to trafficking and prostitution in Greenland and whether the government intended to study the occurrence of such, as there was no reporting on the matter.159 This issue was also raised by the Human Rights Council of Greenland and the Danish Institute for Human Rights. They stated that prostitution is not considered a problem in Greenland, and there is no knowledge of trafficking because there are no studies on either matter, on either the background or the condition of women from Asia who work in Greenland and could be at risk of trafficking.160 The Greenlandic government replied that there was no plan for such studies because, as seen in previous statements, due to Greenland's isolated location and small population, the occurrence of this happening without the authorities being aware was almost impossible, and thereby makes “… trafficking and prostitution unnecessary issues to deal with in Greenland.”161 In the concluding observation for the ninth examination, the Committee expressed concern over the lack of information and data, and recommended for such to be collected.162 However, if the previous actions continue, one could doubt whether such a study will happen.
Additionally, there are two areas upon which the government of Greenland has reported, although they have given the same information, these being “culture and economic rights” and “family.” In relation to the former, the government has stated that women and men have the same social and economic rights, the same access to sports and free-time activities, including cultural activities.163 In relation to the latter, the government has stated that women and men have the same right to enter marriage, select a spouse, and seek divorce, and to enter a registered partnership. Additionally, they have the same right to choose their last name and occupation.164 Not much more can be said about these areas, as they have not been especially addressed by the Committee.
Another area that has seen little movement since the original information was provided for the state report submitted in 2008 is “rural women.” This means that the content of the state reports from 2013 and 2019 are nearly identical. The government stated that women (and men) in rural areas have the same rights as those in the larger towns. However, the living conditions are very different.165 The Danish Institute for Human Rights and the Greenlandic Council of Human Rights have in their combined submission added further insights into the inequality of rural women. For example, the unemployment of rural women is significantly higher. This issue carries over into these women's retirement, as they become more vulnerable, having fewer opportunities regarding a pension.166 The reply from the Danish government was that rural women are not significantly more unemployed.167 In this context the state acknowledged that there was an issue for rural women; however, nothing more had been done by the state to address it. Additionally, the CEDAW Committee expressed concern about how resource extraction and infrastructure projects might displace women, and thereby asked the state to review their protection of rural women's right to land.168
Climate Change
The newest area of concern is climate change, which might be linked with the fairly recent general recommendation upon climate change, “General Recommendation No. 37 on gender-related dimensions of disaster risk reduction in the context of climate change.”169 The Greenlandic authorities have stated that, since the majority of the population and government is indigenous, they carry this culture and politics into decision management regarding climate change. It affects gender roles, as the traditional livelihoods for men become more unpredictable, and the opportunities for women to pass on their traditional knowledge become reduced.170
Thus, the Committee is “… concerned about the lack of data and research on the gender-specific impact of the climate crises potentially affecting the indigenous population, including women,”171 and therefore has asked for a gender-specific study on the impact, especially upon women dependent on traditional Inuit livelihoods.172 This is also the first time that indigenous identity has been mentioned by the CEDAW Committee in relation to Greenland.
Concluding Remarks
Many things could be said about gender equality in Greenland. This article has provided some insight into the official status of women's rights and gender equality in Greenland. At first glance, it seems as if men and women overall have the same rights in Greenland; however, based upon its findings, this idea seems to change once we dive into the issues separately. Overall, there are no specific initiatives, such as a gender-mainstreaming plan or overarching special measures, to ensure gender equality. Additionally, there is no prohibition of gender discrimination covering all fields of life. It is also apparent that, even though there are gender institutions in place, these lack funding to fully carry out their mandates.
Regarding the specific issues, this article also indicates that gender-based violence and abortions are both still highly present in Greenland, despite several initiatives. Furthermore, there also seems to be educational and occupational gender disparity, as evidenced by how women are less represented and earn only around 75–77 percent of what men do. Interestingly, some issues, such as trafficking and prostitution, do not seem to exist at all in Greenland, judging solely from the analyzed documents. Another interesting aspect is that intersectionality is hardly acknowledged. It is scarcely mentioned in relation to women's rurality, and only recently mentioned in relation to their indigenous identity. This is surprising, as the majority of women in Greenland are Inuit and, as the Greenlandic government themselves have expressed, the majority of women can be identified as “rural.” However, this article only provides a starting point. Much more research needs to be done on gender equality and women's rights in Greenland, which the CEDAW Committee also has stated.
Notes
1 March 2021 CEDAW/C/SR.1799 para. 16.
28 August 2006 CEDAW/C/SR.741 (A) para. 22 & 7 September 2011; CEDAW/C/DEN/CO/7/Add.1 para. 14.
22 July 2009 CEDAW/C/DEN/CO/7/add.1 para. 16.
9 March 2021 CEDAW/C/DNK/CO/9 para. 204.
8 October 2002 A/57/38 (Part II) para. 310 & Annex to state party report for the eighth periodic review – Appendix A – A1 – Report by the Government of Greenland on the implementation of CEDAW under art. 5: Priorities. Sex Role Stereotyping and Prejudice.
2002 A/57/38 para. 352, 9 February 2006 CEDAW/C/DEN/Q/6 para. 1, 25 August 2006 CEDAW/C/DNK/CO/6 para. 10–11 & 7 August 2009 CEDAW/C/DEN/CO/7 para. 2.
CEDAW/C/SR.741 (A) para. 52, CEDAW/C/DEN/CO/7 para. 30 & CEDAW/C/DNK/CO/9 para. 20(g) & 21(g).
21 July 2008 CEDAW/C/DEN/7 under article 11, Wages and Unemployment & CEDAW/C/DEN/CO/7 para. 25–27.
CEDAW/C/DEN/CO/7 para. 25–27.
CEDAW/C/DNK/CO/9 para. 35(b)–(c).
CEDAW/C/DNK/CO/9 para. 22–25(a).
Danish Institute for Human Rights. “Parallel Report to the UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) Denmark 2015.” p. 15.
CEDAW/C/DEN/CO/7 para. 16 & CEDAW/C/DNK/CO/9 para. 12.
1 January 1986 Concluding observations A/41/45 para. 39.
21 May 1993 CEDAW/C/DEN/3 para. 18.
10 February 1997 CEDAW/C/DEN/4 p. 7 & 3 July 2000 CEDAW/C/DEN/5 p. 6.
A/57/38 (Part II) para. 308.
A/57/38 (Part II) para. 351–352.
(adopted 2004, thirtieth session) CEDAW General Recommendation No. 25 on article 4 paragraph 1, para. 4.
Ibid. para 12.
Ibid. para 14.
25 July 2015 CEDAW/C/DNK/Q/8 para. 5 & 11 March 2015 CEDAW/C/DNK/CO/8 para. 15.
CEDAW General Recommendation No. 25 on article 4 paragraph 1, para. 7 (adopted 2004, thirtieth session).
Danish Institute for Human Rights. “Selected List of Issues on the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. Denmark 2014.” p. 19.
CEDAW/C/DEN/CO/7 para. 19, CEDAW/C/DNK/Q/8 para. 3, 25 November 2014 CEDAW/C/DNK/Q/8/Add.1 p. 3&6, CEDAW/C/DNK/CO/8 par. 14 & 18 November 2019 CEDAW/C/DN/Q/9 para. 3.
CEDAW/C/DEN/5 p. 6, CEDAW/C/DNK/6 p. 113, Annex to State party report for the eighth periodic review under article 4 “Equality Bodies and special measures” and again under article 5: Priorities. Sex Role stereotyping and prejudice, CEDAW/C/DEN/CO/7/add.1 para. 18 & seventh session response to the concluding information para. 18, nineth session CEDAW/C/DNK/CO/9 para. 211.
CEDAW/C/DNK/6 p. 113).
CEDAW/C/DEN/7 p. 84 & 8 June 2006 CEDAW/C/DEN/Q/6/Add.1 para.
CEDAW/C/DEN/Q/6/Add.1 para. 10.
CEDAW/C/DEN/Q/6/Add.1 para. 19.
Annex to State party report for the eighth periodic review under art. 5: Priorities. Sex roles stereotyping and prejudices, p. 4 & 30 September 2019 CEDAW/C/DNK/9 para. 211.
CEDAW/C/DNK/6 p.113.
CEDAW/C/DEN/Q/6/Add.1 para. 14.
CEDAW/C/DEN/Q/6/Add.1 para. 15 & CEDAW/C/SR.741 (A) para. 1.
CEDAW/C/DEN/Q/6/Add.1 para. 16.
CEDAW/C/DEN/Q/6/Add.1 para. 20.
CEDAW/C/SR.741 (A) para. 11.
Danish Institute for Human Rights (2014) p. 19 & Danish Institute for Human Rights (2015) p. 16.
Danish Institute for Human Rights (2014) p. 19.
CEDAW/C/DNK/Q/8/Add.1 p. 3.
Danish Institute for Human Rights (2014) p. 6.
CEDAW/C/DNK/CO/9 para. 16(c).
21 May 1993 CEDAW/C/DEN/3 para. 18.
10 February 1997 CEDAW/C/DEN/4 p. 7 & 3 July 2000 CEDAW/C/DEN/5 p. 6.
CEDAW/C/DEN/Q/6/Add.1 para. 2 & CEDAW/C/DNK/9 para. 207.
CEDAW/C/DEN/7 p. 89 & Annex to State party report for the eighth periodic review p. 12.
CEDAW/C/DNK/6 p. 113.
Annex to State party report for the eighth periodic review p. 2.
Ibid.
Ibid. & CEDAW/C/DNK/9 para. 208.
CEDAW/C/DEN/7 p. 84, Annex to State party report for the eighth periodic review p. 2–3 & CEDAW/C/DNK/9 para. 208.
CEDAW/C/DEN/Q/6/Add.1 para. 11–12, CEDAW/C/DEN/7 p. 84, Annex to State party report for the eighth periodic review p. 2–3.
CEDAW/C/DEN/7 p. 84, Annex to State party report for the eighth periodic review p. 2–3 & CEDAW/C/DNK/9 para. 208.
(CEDAW/C/DEN/Q/6/Add.1 para. 113), CEDAW/C/DEN/7 p. 84, Annex to State party report for the eighth periodic review p. 2–3.
Annex to State party report for the eighth periodic review p. 2–3 & CEDAW/C/DNK/9 para. 208.
CEDAW/C/DEN/Q/6/Add.1 para. 11–12 & CEDAW/C/DEN/7 p. 84.
Inatsisartutlov nr. 3 af 29. November 2013 om ligestilling af mænd og kvinder §5, stk. 2.
Annex to State party report for the eighth periodic review p. 2–3 & CEDAW/C/DNK/9 para. 208.
Latest in the nineth state report, that the equality act cover gender equality in all areas CEDAW/C/DNK/9 para. 206.
CEDAW/C/DEN/Q/6/Add.1 para. 113, CEDAW/C/DEN/7 p. 84, Annex to State party report for the eighth periodic review p. 2–3 CEDAW/C/DNK/9 para. 208.
24 March 2020 CEDAW/C/DNK/RQ/9 para. 14.
Ibid. para. 13.
The Danish Institute for Human Rights (2014) p. 18.
CEDAW/C/DNK/CO/6 para. 10.
CEDAW/C/DEN/CO/7 para. 14.
CEDAW/C/DNK/CO/8 para. 12.
CEDAW/C/DNK/CO/9 para 14(a).
Nineth session reply to list of issues, para. 22.
CEDAW/C/DNK/RQ/9 para. 15(c).
Annex to State party report for the eighth periodic review p. 11.
Ibid.
78th session of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW): Submission of addition information by the Kingdom of Denmark p 14.
Ibid.
CEDAW/C/DNK/Q/8/Add p. 10.
CEDAW/C/DNK/Q/8 para. 10.
The Danish Institute for Human Rights (2015) p. 16–17.
A/57/38 (Part II) para. 308.
CEDAW/C/DNK/9 para. 228.
Ibid. para. 217–218.
CEDAW/C/DNK/CO/9 para. 20(f) CO nineth session 20(f).
Ibid. para. 221.
Ibid. para 222.
Ibid. para. 226–227.
Ibid. para. 224–225.
CEDAW/C/DEN/CO/7/add.1 p. 28–29.
CEDAW/C/DEN/7 p. 86.
CEDAW/C/DEN/Q/6/Add.1 para. 22–24.
CEDAW/C/DEN/Q/6 p. 2.
also mentioned in the eighth state report Annex to State party report for the eighth periodic review p. 3.
para. 58–62.
1 December 2008 CEDAW/C/DEN/Q/7 para. 16 & CEDAW/C/DNK/Q/8 para. 10.
CEDAW/C/DEN/CO/7 para. 30–31 & CEDAW/C/DNK/CO/8 para. 17(b).
21 September 2017 Follow-up letter sent to the State party para. 12–15.
7 March 2017 CEDAW/C/DNK/CO/8/Add.1 p.3.
CEDAW/C/DNK/CO/8 para. 30–31.
CEDAW/C/DEN/CO/7/add.1 para, 63–64.
CEDAW/C/DEN/CO/7/add.1 p. 2.
CEDAW/C/DNK/CO/9 para. 20(f).
The Danish Institute for Human Rights (2014) p. 20.
CEDAW/C/DEN/Q/6/Add.1 para. 25–30, Annex to State party report for the eighth periodic review p. 4–5 (art 7 Political Rights and participation) eighth session state report p. 4–5 & CEDAW/C/DNK/9 para. 230.
The Danish Institute for Human Rights (2014) p. 19.
CEDAW/C/SR.741 (A) para. 15, CEDAW/C/DEN/CO/7 para. 23 & CEDAW/C/DNK/Q/8 para. 16.
CEDAW/C/DEN/Q/7 para. 6–7, CEDAW/C/DNK/CO/8 para. 23–24 & CEDAW/C/DNK/CO/9 para. 26(a).
CEDAW/C/DNK/CO/8 para. 23–24.
CEDAW/C/DNK/Q/8/Add. p. 22.
CEDAW/C/DEN/Q/6/Add.1 para 35–39, CEDAW/C/DEN/7 p. 88 & Annex to State party report for the eighth periodic review p. 6.
Danish Institute for Human Rights (2014) p. 19.
Annex to State party report for the eighth periodic review p. 6.
CEDAW/C/DNK/Q/8 para. 17.
Ibid. para. 26.
(CEDAW/C/DEN/Q/6/Add. Para. 40, CEDAW/C/DEN/7 p. 88, Annex to State party report for the eighth periodic review p. 7–8 & CEDAW/C/DNK/9 para. 244–246
25 February 2021 CEDAW/C/SR.1797 para. 21.
CEDAW/C/DEN/7 p. 88, Annex to State party report for the eighth periodic review p. 7–8 & CEDAW/C/DNK/9 para. 246.
Annex to State party report for the eighth periodic review p. 8–9 & CEDAW/C/DNK/9 para. 248.
CEDAW/C/DNK/Q/8/Add.1 para. 17.
CEDAW/C/DNK/Q/8/Add.1 p. 31.
A/57/38 (Part II) para. 308.
CEDAW/C/DEN/5 p. 113.
CEDAW/C/SR.741 (A) para. 14.
CEDAW/C/DEN/7 p. 88.
CEDAW/C/DNK/9 para. 243.
25 February 2021 CEDAW/C/SR.1797 para. 20.
CEDAW/C/DNK/CO/9 para. 32(b) & 33(b).
Annex to State party report for the eighth periodic review p. 8.
Ibid.
Ibid. & CEDAW/C/DNK/9 para. 252.
CEDAW/C/DNK/9 para. 252.
Calculations in Table 2 are the author's own, based on the given numbers from eighth session state report table 10 Annex to state party report for the eighth periodic review p. 8 & nineth session state report table 1 CEDAW/C/DNK/9 para. 248.
CEDAW/C/DNK/9 para 247.
Ibid. para. 203.
CEDAW/C/DNK/6 p. 113.
CEDAW/C/DNK/CO/9 para. 32(a).
CEDAW/C/DNK/CO/9 para. 253–255 Annex to state party report for the eighth periodic review p. 10.
CEDAW/C/DEN/7 p. 89.
CEDAW/C/DNK/CO/9 para 34(b)–(c) & The Danish Institute for Human Rights, “Parallel Report to CEDAW (2021) nineth examination of Denmark” p. 15.
The Danish Institute for Human Rights (2021) p. 15 referring to: Danish National Institute of Public Health, “The Greenlandic Population Survey 2018—living standards, lifestyle and health” (“Befolkningsundersøgelsen i Grønland 2018—levevilkår, livsstil og helbred”), 2018, p. 19, available in Danish at: https://www.sdu.dk/da/sif/rapporter/2019/befolkningsundersoegelsen_i_groenland.
26 February 2021 78th session of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW): Submission of addition information by the Kingdom of Denmark p. 18.
The Danish Institute for Human Rights (2014) p. 21.
CEDAW/C/DNK/9 para. 257.
CEDAW/C/DNK/CO/9 para. 34 (b)–(c) & CEDAW/C/DNK/CO/8 para. 31–32.
Annex to State party report for the eighth periodic review, 10.
Ibid.
CEDAW/C/DNK/9 para. 257.
The Danish Institute for Human Rights (2021), p. 14–15.
CEDAW/C/DNK/RQ/9 para. 184.
Bekendtgørelse af kriminallov for Grønland, nr. 1045, 7. September 2017 § 79
CEDAW/C/DNK/RQ/9 para. 184.
Aotearoa Lawyers for Peace, Basel Peace Office, World Future Council and Youth Fusion, “Denmark's nuclear weapons on policy and the Rights of Women”—List of Issues Submission to the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women During its Periodic Review of Denmark. 25 January 2021.
In 2022 a podcast on sterilization of indigenous women was broadcast (Spiralkampagnen, DRLyd), which supports this statement of other health issues not part of the examinations (yet).
CEDAW/C/DEN/Q/6 para. 17.
CEDAW/C/DEN/Q/6/Add.1 para. 112 & 114.
CEDAW/C/DEN/Q/6/Add.1 para. 21.
Ibid.
CEDAW/C/DEN/7 p. 86, Annex to State party report for the eighth periodic review p. 3 & CEDAW/C/DNK/9 para. 229.
CEDAW/C/DNK/Q/8 para. 15.
Danish Institute for Human Rights (2014) p. 20.
CEDAW/C/DNK/Q/8/Add.1 para. 21.
CEDAW/C/DNK/CO/9 para. 22(a) & 23(a).
CEDAW/C/DEN/7 p. 89, Annex to State party report for the eighth periodic review p. 12 & CEDAW/C/DNK/9 para. 261.
CEDAW/C/DEN/7 p. 90, Annex to State party report for the eighth periodic review p. 12 & CEDAW/C/DNK/9 para. 265.
CEDAW/C/DEN/7 p. 89, Annex to State party report for the eighth periodic review p. 11 & CEDAW/C/DNK/9 para. 262.
The Danish Institute for Human Rights (2014) p. 19–21.
CEDAW/C/DNK/Q/8/Add. p. 31.
CEDAW/C/DNK/CO/9 para. 36(b) & 37(c).
CEDAW General Recommendation No. 37 on Gender-related dimensions of disaster risk reduction in the context of climate change CEDAW/C/GC/37 (adopted 7 February 2018).
78th session of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW): Submission of addition information by the Kingdom of Denmark p. 15–17.
CEDAW/C/DNK/CO/9 para 38–39.
Appendix
Domestic Legislation (by date)
- •Inatsisartutlov nr. 3 af 29. November 2013 om ligestilling af mænd og kvinder.
- •Bekendtgørelse af kriminallov for Grønland, nr. 1045, 7. September 2017.
International Declarations/Treaties
- •Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (adopted 18 December 1979, entry into force 3 September 1981) 1249 UNTS 13.
General Recommendations
- •CEDAW General recommendation No. 25, on article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, on temporary special measures. 2004.
- •CEDAW General Recommendation No. 37 on Gender-related dimensions of disaster risk reduction in the context of climate change CEDAW/C/GC/37 7 February 2018).
Sources Related to Examinations by the CEDAW Committee (Denmark)
Ninth Examination
- •1 March 2021 CEDAW/C/SR.1799 Summary record of the 1799th meeting.
- •25 February 2021 CEDAW/C/SR.1797 Summary of the 1797th meeting.
- •9 March 2021 CEDAW/C/DNK/CO/9 Concluding observation on the ninth periodic report of Denmark.
- •26 February 2021 78th session of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW): Submission of addition information by the Kingdom of Denmark.
- •The Danish Institute for Human Rights, “Parallel Report to CEDAW (2021) nineth examination of Denmark.”
- •24 March 2020 CEDAW/C/DNK/RQ/9 Replies of Denmark to the list of issues and question in relation to its ninth periodic report.
- •Aotearoa Lawyers for Peace, Basel Peace Office, World Future Council and Youth Fusion, “Denmark's nuclear weapons on policy and the Rights of Women”—List of Issues Submission to the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women During its Periodic Review of Denmark. 25 January 2021.
- •18 November 2019 CEDAW/C/DN/Q/9 List of Issues and questions in relation to the ninth period report of Denmark.
- •30 September 2019 CEDAW/C/DNK/9 Ninth periodic report of States parties—Denmark.
Eighth Examination
- •7 March 2017 CEDAW/C/DNK/CO/8/Add.1 State Party report on Follow-up to Concluding Observations—Concluding observations on the eighth periodic reports of Denmark Addendum Information provided by Denmark on the follow-up to the concluding observations of the Committee.
- •21 September 2017 Follow-up letter sent to the State party.
- •11 March 2015 CEDAW/C/DNK/CO/8 Concluding observation on the eighth periodic report of Denmark.
- •Danish Institute for Human Rights. “Parallel Report to the UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) Denmark 2015.”
- •25 November 2014 CEDAW/C/DNK/Q/8/Add.1 Reply to list of issues—List of issues and questions in relation to the eighth periodic report of Denmark—Replies of Denmark.
- •25 July 2015 CEDAW/C/DNK/Q/8 List of issues on the eighth periodic review of Denmark.
- •Danish Institute for Human Rights. “Selected List of Issues on the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. Denmark 2014.”
- •Annex to State party report for the eighth periodic review—Appendix A—A1— Report by the Government of Greenland on the implementation of CEDAW.
Seventh Examination
- •22 July 2009 CEDAW/C/DEN/CO/7/add.1 Response to the Follow-Up Recommendations contained in the concluding observations of the Committee pursuant to the examination of the seventh periodic report of the State Party.
- •7 august 2009 CEDAW/C/DEN/CO/7 Concluding observation on the seventh periodic report of Denmark.
- •11 May 2009 CEDAW/C/DEN/Q/7/Add.1 Responses to the list of issues and questions with regard to the consideration of the seventh periodic report. Denmark.
- •1 December 2008 CEDAW/C/DEN/Q/7 List of issues—List of issues and questions with regard to the consideration of periodic reports.
- •21 July 2008 CEDAW/C/DEN/7 Seventh periodic report of States parties—Denmark.
Sixth Examination
- •28 August 2006 CEDAW/C/SR.741 (A) Summary record of the 741st meeting (Chamber A).
- •25 August 2006 CEDAW/C/DNK/CO/6 Concluding observation on the sixth periodic report of Denmark.
- •8 June 2006 CEDAW/C/DEN/Q/6/Add.1 Responses to the list of issues and questions for consideration of the sixth periodic report. Denmark.
- •9 February 2006 CEDAW/C/DEN/Q/6 List of issues and questions with regards to the consideration of periodic reports.
- •4 October 2004 CEDAW/C/DNK/6 Sixth periodic report of States parties—Denmark.
Fourth & Fifth Examinations
- •8 October 2002 A/57/38 (Part II) Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women Twenty-seventh session.
- •3 July 2000 CEDAW/C/DEN/5 Fifth periodic report of States parties—Denmark.
- •10 February 1997 CEDAW/C/DEN/4 Fourth periodic report of States parties—Denmark.
Third review.
- •21 May 1993 CEDAW/C/DEN/3 Concluding observation on the third periodic report of Denmark.
Second Examination
- •30 January 1992 Concluding observations A/46/38 paras. 250–276.
First Examination
- •1 January 1986 Concluding observations A/41/45 paras. 32–68.